Contrastive Linguistics Essay

The linguistic process of the germinate qualify A Contrastive Analysis of the Lexis V clanku je podana analiza jezika borze s stalisca slovensko-angleske protistave. Izrazje (samostalniske zveze) obeh jezikov smo protistavili tako v strukturnem kot v semanticnem smislu, pri cemer se je razkrilo vec protistavnih znacilnosti, med drugim razlicni nacini ubeseditve istega pojma, terminoloske praznine in lazni prijatelji, slovensko borzno terminologijo pa zaznamujejo tudi angleske tujke. The article analyzes the spoken lyric of the hackneyed throw from a Slovene-side ill-sorted viewpoint.The specialized lexis of the twain verbiages was pose as to the geomorphologic and semantic differences of their single damage and expressions ( titulary phrases), revealing such(prenominal)(prenominal)(pre nominative)(prenominal) contrastive phenomena as assorted conceptualizations, terminological gaps and bogus friends, while the Slovene sway flip-flop spoken words is excessively ch aracterized by slope foreignisms. 1. Introduction pile characterizes contrastive analysis (CA) as a hybrid linguistic s a lot (1989 4), since it is n some(prenominal) exceptionalist nor generalist and is interested both in the immanent protagonist of a language and in the ways in which one language compargons to other languages.CA does non strive to classify languages and is interested both in the differences and similarities surrounded by them. Having had strictly pedagogical implications at first, the theoretical foundations of CA were initi each(prenominal)y laid down by Robert Lado in his linguistics crossways Cultures (1957). Lado supported the conviction that if learners of a foreign language (L2) were made aw ar(p) of the ways in which their mother tongue (L1) and L2 differed, this would facilitate foreign language learning.He went even further by hireing that the elements of L2 that atomic number 18 similar to the learners L1 leave alone prove art slight to lea rn, with those that ar antithetical universe difficult. Lado was the first to conjure a organisationatic set of technical procedures for the contrastive study of languages this complicate descriptions of languages and their equations as well(p) as predictions of L2 learning difficulties. In its most pushy phrasing, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed to be able to predict on the whole learners errors committed in using an L2.However, empirical studies conducted during the 1970s could non digest this claim, making it clear that CA could only predict certain(a) problematical argonas for learners and some of the errors they are bound to inst completely in their versions of L2 (James 1989 145 my italics). exclusively comparisons work on the basis of the assumption that the entities to be compared fix certain things in parking area, and that some(prenominal) differences amongst them drive out be laid 154 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) a gainst this e trulyday background. A CA thus always involves a common linguistic plan of reference, against which contrastive deviations are stated.This common platform is termed tertium comparationis (TC). Depending on the follow TC, the same aspects of language may turn come out of the closet be similar or unalike (Krzeszowski 1990 16). In syntactic and lexical contrastive studies, the TC is often taken to be formal or semantic balance (ibid. ), chiefly in combination. Contrastive linguistics is non a unified field of study. The focus may be on general or on language specific features. The study may be theoretical (theoretical CA), without any immediate application, or it may be applied (applied CA), i. e. carried out for a specific purpose (Fisiak 1981 23).Further, Gabrovsek (2005 756) points out that contrastive work outhouse be done at the levels of phonology, graphology, lexicology, grammar, and textology. This is why any contrastive work must necessarily be limited i n scope and thus always represent precisely a fragment of the overall contrastive landscape of a attached pair of languages. Contrastive lexicology is the contrastive study of the vocabularies of deuce (or more) languages. It concerns itself with the transposition of lexical items from L1 to L2 and vice-versa, facing such difficulties as culture-bound vocabulary, interlingual mis tick offes, lexical gaps, etc (ibid. 62194).Equivalence mingled with lexical items in two languages erect be complete (trgovalni dan get by day), commenceial (organizirani trgregulate foodstuff), or nil (TUVL insider). there are two realistic scenarios in transposing such problematic lexical unit of measurements both the L2 kindred weight is completely unknown to us (what, for example, is narocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine in position), which mogul lead to considerable confusion or even a conference breakdown, or we are uncertain as to the correct collocate (is SLO organ izator trga EN vocation organizer or interchange operator?), which may require our L2 unidiomatic, that does not impede successful communication.Depending on the pattern and surround it appears in, a lexical item leave behind typically benefit from surplus semantic shading imposed by the surrounding lexical elements (semantic adapt), and often consequently receive different counterparts in L2. watch over the pairs svezenjbundle, avkcija auction sale, majhensmall, alone (in a mental strain exchange context) svezenj ingurgitate (trade), prekinitvena avkcijavolatility interruption, mali vlagateljretail investor.The collocator and the base, even if lexically predictable in L2, may appear in the inverseness ready in the two languages (zascita vlagateljevinvestor protection) or be joined by a different preposition (trgovati z obveznicamitrade in bonds). Another collocation-related problem, interlingually, is false friends (borzna) kotacija ? ( grocery store) quotation. Lexic ological CA also deals with diverging polysemy (vzdrzevalec likvidnostiliquidity provider or market noble).This article focuses on lexical contrastive studies and chooses as its TC the English and Slovene lexis of the language of the telephone line exchange, juggling between formal and semantic equality of the price and expressions in the two languages. Taking the Slovene-English contrastive viewpoint, we focuse on nominal phrases (NPs), which have been examined as to the types of (non-)correspondence, on the structural as well as semantic level. The aim of this article has not been a preaching of terminology as such terminology is here solely the objective of contrastive lexicology, which lies at the core of this paper. B.Bozinovski, The spoken communication of the short letter Exchange clv As to the structural aspect, a divergence had been expected of the adjacent manikin SLO elemental NP complex NP EN simple NP complex NP complex NP simple NP On the semantic level, a n occasional discrepancy had been anticipated between the meaning of a particular NP in isolation and that in a particular context (in different word combinations, most notably collocations), semantic tailoring being a feature of not only LGP (language for general purposes) but also LSP (language for special purposes). We had thus expected NPs to have different deracination resemblings in different environments.English being the lingua franca of the financial world, we had also expected to find the English name to be of a much more specialized nature than their Slovene counterparts. 2. Materials and methods The present CA entailed a lexicological comparison of pairs of ( fender) Slovene and (translated) English texts utilize in the regular operations of the Ljubljana Stock Exchange Inc. (LJSE). In juxtaposing texts with the same TCthe common platform for comparison was tired exchange terminologypairs of lexemes (terms and expressions) relevant to our discussion were singled out and compared as to their structural and semantic properties.Given that we dealt with an LSP, our primary concern was with NPs, which constitute the main part of any LSP. The analysis was base on the thus-compiled database of over 1,000 pairs of headwords, of which only a selection appears in this article. 3. Analysis 3. 1. SLO simple NP avkcija CVS delnica delnicar dividenda glavnica indeks izdaja nalozba narocilo obveznica posel EN simple NP auction NAV share shareholder dividend principal mightiness contend investment put together bond trade 156 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) 3. 1. SLO simple NP promet sklad svezenj trg EN simple NP (continued) turnover fund block marketThe logical English tantamount(predicate)s for promet, posel and izdaja in general language or in isolation would be, for example, traffic, business and betrayal, with bond, auction and share being translated into Slovene as vez, drazba and delez, but in a stock exchange context the re spective equivalents are LSP specific and uncontroversial. Svezenj and trg prove more problematic. The former can either be translated as block (of securities) or as block trade, since it can refer to a particular quantity of securities or to a trade executed in that particular quantity of securitiesboth svezenj in Slovene.Trg can either be rendered as single-word market or compound commit book, depending on the context. In the case of the securities market in general, trg is equivalent to the EN market, but in combination with the trading platform and orders placed in the trading system, trg will normally be order book (narocila na trguorders sitting in the order book). SLO avkcija and dividenda are LSP terms of an international character, having been adopted from English (which their English counterparts clearly guide), while the others are Slovene words.While avkcija, trg, izdaja, and narocilo are polysemous words of widespread use in Slovene LGP and only recover specialized meanings when used in proper stock exchange contexts, dividenda, sklad, delnica, glavnica, nalozba and obveznica are financial terms of an inherently terminological nature. In English, the situation is approximately different only dividend and investment belong to the financial field, while all other words have a wide range of uses and senses. In their replete versions, CVS (cista vrednost sredstev) and NAV (net asset rate) are structurally divergent but lexically transparent.3. 2. SLO simple NP borza dokapitalizacija kupnina lot nezaupnica pooblascenec pripojitev Statut VEP EN complex NP N+N N+N N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N N+PP N+PP N+PP stock exchange working capital letter increase purchase price trading unit vote of no confidence proxy holder spinal fusion by acquisition Articles of Association NAV per unit Except for dokapitalizacijacapital increase, kupninapurchase price, pripojitevmerger by acquisition and nezaupnicavote of no confidence, which share at least some lexical elemen ts, the remaining pairs are lexically completely divergent. B.Bozinovski, The lecture of the Stock Exchange 157 3. 3. SLO simple NP EN simple NP N+N Adj+NP Adj+N N+PP Adj+NP N+N Adj+N N+PP N+N Adj+N Adj+N unit futures point delisting derivative tick LJSE advert (n. ) ticket scout security enota premozenja financne terminske pogodbe indeksna tocka izkljucitev iz (borznega) trga izvedeni financni instrument korak kotacije Ljubljanska borza narocilo za nakup in prodajo stevilka posla trgovalna koda vrednostni papir The lexically completely divergent Ljubljanska borza and LJSE merit a word of mention.While having an adjectival premodifier (denoting the place) and a simple nominal head (denoting the institution) in Slovene, English lexicalizes the concept differently in several(prenominal) respects. First, Ljubljana in Ljubljana Stock Exchange is a nominal premodifier, as distant to the adjective ljubljanski. Further, the simple borza has a complex equivalent in English, videlice t the compound stock exchange, the two terms being lexically miles apart (the word borza itself has nothing in common with stocks or securities or exchanges of any kind).What is more, all this is packaged into an English acronym of the stock exchange name, thus LJSE, which is common practice with English call of stock exchanges (New York Stock ExchangeNYSE, capital of the United Kingdom Stock ExchangeLSE, National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations NASDAQ), while less so in Slovene. The Slovene name of the exchange either appears in its full form or is shortened to borza. English abbreviations and acronyms are a common feature of stock exchange terminology and have penetrated Slovene in their original forms in large numbers.Examples include ETF (exchange traded fundindeksni vzajemni sklad), SI (systematic internalizersistematicni internalizator), MiFID (Markets in monetary Instruments Directivedirektiva o trgu financnih instrumentov), OTC (over-the-counter, wh ich has no formulate equivalent in Slovene), FOK (fill-or-killnarocilo z razponom in odstranitvijo neizvrsene kolicine). In these cases, there are no equivalent Slovene abbreviations (although descriptive equivalents do exist), since the English ones are recognized and actively used by all Slovene speakers of the LSP in question.Note also the difference between the highly idiomatic fill-or-kill as opposed to the descriptive Slovene expression. 3. 4. 3. 4. 1. SLO complex NP EN complex NP structurally and lexically transparent equivalents auction trading brokerage house avkcijsko trgovanje borznoposredniska hisa 158 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)3. 4. 1. structurally and lexically transparent equivalents (continued) electronic trading financial instrument institutional investor normal telephoner trading day elektronsko trgovanje financni instrument institucionalni vlagatelj javna druzba trgovalni danNote further instances of the alleged(prenominal) internati onal words in both columns, underlining the international character of the terminology avkcijskoauction, financnifinancial, instrumentinstrument, elektronskoelectronic, institucionalniinstitutional.Although we do have a native Slovene word for institution, which is ustanova, there is no semantically corresponding Slovene adjective (ustanovni in this case would be a false friend) this is why the Slovene term employs the international premodifier. 3. 4. 2.Structurally parallel, lexically unpredictable equivalents official market regulated market retail investor semi-official market average price initial public offering bullish market registered shares private bonds government bonds open-end fund borzna kotacija organizirani trg mali vlagatelj prosti trg enotni tecaj prva javna prodaja bikovski trend imenske delnice podjetniske obveznice javne obveznice vzajemni sklad Here we have NPs of the coherent structure Adj+N on both sides, and what is problematic is the lexical choiceseither of premodifiers or of heads.In place of official one would expect a fusion with the words stock exchange (judging from borzen). Kotacija does have a look commentary, namely quotation, but the English term refers to the highest bid or concluding ask price available on a security at any given time and thus the two are false friends. The very specific Slovene term borzna kotacija, which stands for the part of the LJSE regulated market mean for companies complying with strict reporting and disclosure obligations, only has one equivalent in English, namely official market.For organizirani trg, many would expect unionised market, which, however, is a mis transformation. Instinctively, and not being familiar with stock exchange terminology, a voice aptitude also be tempted to translate the essaymingly unproblematic mali vlagatelj as something desire small investor, which would of course result in implications divorced from the stock exchange context. If looked at in isolation, pro st, enoten, prodaja, trend, imenski, kotacija, podjetniski, javen would all get displacements different from those in the preceding(prenominal) right B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 159 column. Here they appear in typical multi-word lexical items from the language of the stock exchange, and demand specific equivalents. The higher up pairs are also illustrative of the different conceptualizations in the two languages. sign on podjetniske obveznicethey are not *entrepreneurial bonds or *company bonds, but kind of private bonds. What is more, although one might expect, in view of the logic of things, the opposite of private to be public bonds, English nevertheless calls them government bonds (while Slovene does see them as public, thus javne obveznice). 3. 4. 3.Structurally divergent, lexically parallel equivalents 3. 4. 3. a. Opposite order of lexemes or different parts of speech delnica prostega trga druzba za upravljanje dvotirni sistem vodenja druzb indeks bl ue-chip delnic indeks celotnega trga indeks obveznic posel s sveznjem struktura prometa vzdrzevalec likvidnosti N+NP N+PP Adj+N+ NP N+NP N+NP N+N N+PP N+N N+N semi-official market share management company two-tier management system blue-chip power total market index bond index block trade turnover structure liquidity provider NP+N N+N NP+N+ N N+N NP+N N+N N+N N+N N+NIn phrases with indices, Slovene has plural nominal postmodifiers in the genitive case (indeks obveznic), while English will typically lexicalize the same concept though a fishy nominal premodifier in the nominative (bond index). The delnice part of the respective Slovene NPs (indeks blue-chip delnic, indeks delnic investicijskih skladov) has a nil realization in English (blue-chip index, investment fund index). 3. 4. 3. b.Structurally different premodifiers avkcijsko trgovanje celotna trzna kapitalizacija delniska druzba osnovni kapital presezni certifikat tekoci podatki trzna kapitalizacija trzno narocilo cenovno obc utljiva informacija dobro pouceni vlagatelj auction trading total market capitalization joint-stock company share capital outperformance certificate real-time data market capitalization market order price-sensitive information well-informed investor 160 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009)Slovene uses adjectival premodifiers where English has nominal ones, except in the last two cases, which both share the structure of a nominal head premodified by an adjective and even share the same head, but employ different premodifiers the Slovene premodifier has the head obcutljiv premodified by the adverb cenovno, whereas in English the same information is phrase through a compound composed of a noun (price) and an adjective (sensitive).3. 4. 3. c. Structurally different postmodifiers delnice investicijskih skladov predcasni odkup delnic stopnja donosa trzna kapitalizacija obveznic shares of investment funds early redemption of shares rate of take back market cap of bonds T he recurrent pattern here is a nominal postmodifier in the genitive case in Slovene as opposed to a postmodifying prepositional phrase (PP)typically the of-phrase, as shown by all of the supra examplesin English.Both groups of postmodifiers have the same function (namely that of expressing genitival relations), irrespective of their having different constructions Slovene being a synthetic language, its expression of the genitive involves attaching genitival suffixes on postmodifying nouns, with English, an uninflected language, having the same content expressed through an independent morpheme (the preposition of). Postmodifiers may be PPs on both sides, but with different heads sredstva v upravljanju trgovanje z obveznicami sistematicni internalizator za delnice 3.4. 4. N+PP N+PP NP+PP assets under management N+PP trading in bonds N+PP systematic internalizer in NP+PP shares Structurally and lexically divergent equivalents EN BTS trading system GBD brokerage house market maker TUVL segment 3. 4. 4. a. Explanatory equivalent BTS GBD TUVL segment The acronym TUVL stands for Trg uradnih vzdrzevalcev likvidnosti, BTS for borzni trgovalni sistem and GBD for Gorenjska borznoposredniska hisa, none of which have English counterparts.There are other Slovene acronyms and abbreviations that do not have comport English equivalents and need explanatory phrases when being translated into English, e. g. , CTG (celotna globina trga), ATVP (Agencija za trg vrednostnih paprijev), KDD (Centralna klirinsko depotna druzba), DZU (druzba za upravljanje), ID (investicijska druzba), PID (pooblascena investicijska druzba), and others. Disregarding the names of institutions, only a few are left, a situation B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 161 somewhat different from that in English, which abounds in abbreviate forms.These, in turn, do typically not require explanatory Slovene phrases to be understood by Slovenes, being used world-wide by the speakers of the LSP in question. Slovene abbreviations, on the other hand, are not self-explanatory or known to English speakers, and therefore do need explanations. Cf. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents Below are a few groups of recurrent constructions that appear in the two languages as equivalent SLO NP NP(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) Kodeks upravljanja javnih delniskih druzb SLO NP N(nomin. )+N(gen.) nihanje cen obrat kapitalizacije placilo kuponov revizija indeksov SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) indeks delnic borznega in prostega trga EN NP NP+N Corporate Governance grave EN NP N+N price volatility turnover rate verifier payment index review EN NP NP+N total market index Note the contrastively problematic EN index review (similarly index performance, index structure, index constituents, etc), where the premodifying noun index is always in the singular, both if referring to a single index (SLO revizija indeksa) or several (SLO revizija indeksov).This calls for an attentive English-Slovene translator who must infer from context. SLO NP N(nomin. )+NP(gen. ) datum zapadlosti zadnjega kupona SLO NP N(nomin. )+N (gen. ) institut izstopa institut iztisnitve oddelitev druzbe SLO NP NP+PP prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende izvedeni financni instrumenti na blago SLO NP NP/N+PP borzni clan z oddaljenim dostopom narocilo s preudarkom EN NP N+N coupon date EN NP cpd sell-out squeeze-out bear EN NP N+N ex-dividend date commodity derivatives EN NP Adj+N unconnected member discretionary order.162 Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) SLO NP N+PP delnice v borzni kotaciji 3. 4. 4. b. Non-transparent equivalents (continued) SLO NP N+PP poslovanje s sveznji prenosi med racuni istega imetnika trgovanje z vrednostnimi papirji trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij SLO NP N+PP potrdilo o pravnomocnosti SLO NP Adj+N (borzni) clan kosovne delnice presecni datum EN NP NP+N official market shares.EN NP N+N block trading inter-accounts management securities trading ins ider dealing EN NP N(gen. )+NP courts finality seal EN NP N/NP+N member (firm) no par value shares record date The above lists of corresponding construction patterns are far from exhaustive. We have merely made an attempt at classifying selected NPs both according to their structural (congruent or divergent) and lexical (transparent or oblique) properties, trying to show that there are innumerable patterns of correspondence between the two languages.4. password and conclusion The present analysis has mapped out a complex weathervane of interlingual correspondences between Slovene and English terms and expressions from the language of the stock exchange. The CA cogitate on the form of the identified pairs of NPs as well as on problems of meaning, discovering such interlingual difficulties as divergent polysemy, false friends, conceptual and lexical gaps. This was expected, since languages are known to differ in an unsystematic and largely unpredictable expression as to expressing the same content.We will now present our findings under the following three headings a. Translation correspondence. Lexical (terminological) gaps The analysis has shown the prevalent type of translation correspondence between the identified Slovene and English NPs to be partial correspondence it involves structural non-congruence, often coupled with complexities of meaning. Example pairs include pooblascenecproxy holder, trgovalna kodaticker, posel s sveznjemblock trade, trzna kapitalizacijamarket capitalization, promet clanovturnover by member firms, nominalne delnicepar value shares, etc.There were also instances of complete correspondence, where the English and Slovene NPs were both structurally and semantically congruent, but these were a minority. Examples include prometturnover, trgovalni dantrading day. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 163 Examples of nil correspondence between English and Slovene NPs have revealed lexical (or, rather terminological) gaps in the languages of the stock exchange, where certain concepts exist or have been lexicalized in one language but not in the other.English terms for which there are no ready-made Slovene equivalents include insider, blue-chip, OTC, and many others. Our expectations regarding the three types of translation equivalence to be found between lexical items in two languages, as laid down in the Introduction, have thus been confirmed. English is the lingua franca of business and finance, and this is also reflected (interlingually) in the language of the stock exchange.New concepts and terms for them are born in the Anglophone West, while the rest of the world adopts the English terminology and mostly undecomposed localizes it to a certain extent, often failing to come up with language-specific equivalent terms. As a result, Slovene stock exchange terminology abounds in atomic number 6 copies of English terms (blue-chip indeks, sistematicni internalizator, insajder), directly modelled upon t heir English counterparts, and descriptive expressions (izvedeni financni instrument, trgovanje na podlagi notranjih informacij, prvi trgovalni dan brez upravicenja do dividende).Especially tricky are virtually untranslatable English terms that have no lexical equivalent in Slovene at all (mistrade, market maker, OTC, hedge fund). Problematic as to their Slovene equivalents are also the idiom-like pumping dumping, painting the tape, wash sales, scalping, etc. When there are no ready-made translation equivalents (lexical, conceptual gaps), there are at least three optionsa) to make up a new Slovene term, b) to opt for a descriptive equivalent, or c) to try to find an approximate functional equivalent.Descriptive expressions (posli, pri katerih je sprememba lastnistva financnih instrumentov zgolj navidezna for wash sales) can be long-winded. Functional equivalents (narocilo s skrito kolicino is a type of order very similar to iceberg order, but not identical to iceberg) can be inaccu rate. The third option, to invent a new term, lies outside the scope of translation work, since in LSP it is not customary for translators to decide on preferred terms for concepts. These are for experts to agree on (sometimes in cooperation with linguists).Once they become used and catch on, the translator may recognize them as legitimate equivalents, based on expert advice, but not before, lest they become ghost words, i. e. terms that exist on paper, but not in actual use. There are also some Slovene terms with no mirror-image English equivalents, which is a general feature of any terminology, not just the language of the stock exchange. TUVL, BTS, and the like are limited to terms for concepts unique to the Slovene stock exchange trading platform. We can therefore speak of conceptual gaps.They are translated into English through explanatory equivalents, e. g. , market maker TUVL segment. b. Interference. Collocations, false friends and the like It is a known fact that language l earners (translators as non-native speakers of an L2 included) are inclined to gravel analogies with their L1 when constructing lexical units in L2. When the two languages overlap in their formal, semantic or grammatical features, this leads to positive transfer and correct L2 lexical items (terms and expressions). Slovene terms such as mednarodni razpis, nalozba, dividenda, obveznica and 164.Slovenski jezik Slovene Linguistic Studies 7 (2009) their English translations are parallel in all of the above respects and thus unproblematic in translational and contrastive terms. If the formal, semantic or grammatical features of L1 and L2, however, do not overlap, or if they do but only partially (when meanings agree, but not forms, or the other way around), then constructing L2 terms on the analogy with L1 ones leads to lexical errors and we speak of interference or negative transfer from L1. This is a incident with the bulk of Slovene stock exchange terms and expressions.Take aplikac ija, for instance. A translator unfamiliar with the terminology of the field might be tempted to translate it as application, which, to my knowledge, has no specialized meaning in this field, the correct equivalent being the unpredictable cross trade. Or the much debated organizirani trg, which is not organized in English, but rather regulated market. Consider also the temptation of verbatim rendering of korak kotacije, borzna kotacija, mali vlagatelj, prekinitvena avkcija and many others.Negative transfer works in the opposite direction as well, when it is known as backward interference under the influence of L2, learners can be often tempted to remodel their L1 lexical items to match those in L2. Even if backward interference be at work, expressions such as financial markets, legal framework, investors would not cause any problems, since they are structurally and semantically parallel to their Slovene equivalents. It gets tricky when the Slovene term for open-end fund is not odpr ti sklad, but rather vzajemni sklad, and especially with terms such as quote. retell has the attractive verbal equivalent kotirati that does exist and is widely used but with a different meaning, the correct rendering being narocilo za nakup in prodajo. The cross-linguistic floors are also slippery with terms such as regulated market, which appears unproblematic at first sight in fact, however, regulirani trg is an expression that does not exist in the Slovene language of the stock exchange, where the same concept has been lexicalized through another lexemeorganizirani trg.Further, there are pairs of NPs that look deceptively similar, heretofore differ in important details, which we had anticipated in the Introduction to this article. For instance, trade in shares is trgovati z delnicami, assets under management is sredstva v upravljanju, right on a security is pravica iz vrednostnega papirja, bond (sg. ) index is indeks obveznic (pl. ), dobicek (sg. ) na delnico is earnings (pl. ) per share, and capital markets can either be kapitalski trg (sg. ) or kapitalski trgi (pl. ).Grammatical collocations are a notoriously difficult interlingual area, causing problems especially in encoding, and so are the singularplural distinctions. When translating slovenski kapitalski trg into English, most would opt for the only reasonable choice, namely Slovene capital market. Yet the English prefer the plural expression, thus Slovene capital markets. Due to semantic tailoring, a lexical item may be endowed with a multitude of semantic shadings and consequently receive different counterparts in the other language.Trg, for instance, is not always market in the language of the stock exchange. Borzni and prosti trg are exchange and semi-official market, while for narocila na trgu we have orders sitting in the order book. Similarly, the adjective organizirani can either be organized (trading) or regulated (market) in English, while vzdrzevalec likvidnosti can either be liquidity pr ovider or market maker, depending on the context. B. Bozinovski, The Language of the Stock Exchange 165Conversely, the EN share is not always delez in Slovene note the pairs sharedelnica, official market sharedelnica na borznem trgu, market sharetrzni delez, share capitalosnovni kapital. This confirms our expectations worded in the Introduction on the possible discrepancy between translation equivalents of lexemes in isolation (aplikacijaapplication, organiziranorganized) and those of the same lexemes in a particular context (aplikacijacross trade, organizirani trgregulated market).It is one of the goals of contrastive lexicology to point out such controversial pairs of collocations and thus sustain the claim that translation equivalence is largely collocation-dependent. The analysis has also singled out Slovene and English NPs that look similar (have a similar form), but differ, at least partly, in meaning (the so-called false friends). One of them usually belongs to the LSP of th e stock exchange, while the other has LGP applications divorced from the stock exchange context quote (n. )kotirati (v.), institutional inve.