Emily Dickinson :: Author Biography Emily Dickinson Essays

Emily Dickinson Breaking parole revealing the truth ab verboten Emily Dickinsons life has recently been uncovered. For the quondam(prenominal) hundred-plus years literary historians believed Dickinson to be a plain and quiet typesetters case of person who did non communicate with the public for most of her life. Her romanticism rime drew attention from fellow literary legends. After corresponding with the well-known Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who showed inte detain in her work but advised her not to publish it, she became defiant to publish any of her work. Dickinson grew up in a actu bothy strict puritan family. However, her poetry did not reflect her Puritan upbringing at all told. As the late eighteen sixties came about, Dickinson became very attached to her family home and refused to leave it. She cut off most of her relationships with her friends. The only(prenominal) way she could express her feelings was through her create verbally. She eventually died in 1886 of a kidney terminal figure called Brights disease. Against Dickinsons request, her sister Lavinia turned over the rest of her work to be published. The biography you mother just read is a summary of the life of Emily Dickinson we sport all effectn to accept. The following reputation is the truth revealed. The shocking discoveries will leave you in amazement. One hundred-fifteen years later, who would have thought historians could ever crack a scandal give care this one?Emily Dickinson grew up as a New England Puritan. The values she was taught were all but revealed in the poetry she wrote. How could such strict Puritan parents get on a child to express such anti-Puritan values in her writing as Emily Dickinson did? That question has recently become invalid now that scientists have discovered that Emily Dickinson indeed had a twin sister to whom the credit for all of the poetry is now given. How and why did such a disgrace take place, you ask? It was a complicated situation-one which would probably never happen forthwith Sexuality and enjoyment were things thought of as satanic to Puritans. When Emily Dickinsons parents gave render to tally in Amherst, MA, society saw them as grotesque and the parents themselves were humiliated. To Puritans, having twins meant the couple enjoyed sexuality twice as much as others. They would have been shunned and looked down on if they kept both of the babies. With the idea of murdering one of the babies out of the question, one of the twins was given to a caretaker of the Dickinsons.

George :: essays research papers

George B. McClellan came from a well-to-do family. His begin was a Doctor, which notices for Georges good education. Also his mother and father where christians serving the Lord, which accounts for his tutelage for his fellow man. His grandfather was a revolutionary war general, which may account for his going into the military. Since George had concern for his fellow man he was careful spot moving his army, the Potomac, to new places. He also always wanted to be well prepared before battle. When George would ask the leaders in majuscule for more supplies and workforce they would turn him down. So he would delay an labialize until he thought he was ready for battle. This unfortunately cost him his locomote in the miltary. After he was out of the military, he was nominated as a presidential candidate, but not surprising to Geoge he disconnected the election. George wanted to live a normal life after this and cod to investments he would be able to live comfortably for a ach e time. Later he and his family traveled to England and spent three and half geezerhood touring all over Europe. While he was in Europe chair Lincoln was assassinated, when George heard this news he was devastated. In early October 1885 George had undergo chest pains and on Octob George B. McClellan tried and true to not to act against his thought in the Lord. He prayed everyday in hope of keeping his family and men safe. He was very concerned about the wellfare of his men. The leaders in cap did not care for George and his men all they where concerned about is the bearing in the papers about the war and what people thought. So in brief enough George was asked to step down from his postition. George still unbroken his faith in the Lord and moved on. Never once did he doubt his belief. If it was not for his strong faith in the Lord he probably would of lived a nonfulfilling life, but since he did keep his faith he lived a dogged fulfilling life.     Geor ge B. Mcllellans life was inspiring to some people. No matter what he kept his faith in the lord through thick and thin. He tried his hardest when going for something and did not give up easily.

Summary Red Bull

marketing Analysis Report With advancements occurring dally to help the American citizen do what they Cid In a more efficient way- Americans are getting more through In less time, thus having more time to do what? Morel This factor that the zip it takes to do more is in high demand and highly sought after. passing crap has a mission- and that is to give wings to slew and ideas. blushful Bull has a marketing mix that is pretty undifferentiated with that of other energy drink companies in the industry.The price is very affordable- and oftentimes the product Is on sale with a quantity discount at any gas station or grocery store. It is available In bulk as well, where the customer would receive a cost pall as well. The place passing Bull is available makes It easy to attain- which Is a huge reason why It sold over $5. 2 zillion cans last yr (Red Bull Official Website, 2013) . It is readily available on almost any daily commute for the on-the-go American. Red Bull began its locomote/brand in Austria still is now located in clxv countries making distribution an ease.The Red Bull product is mostly Ready-to-Drink energy drinks, but their sales also consist of branded clothing and promotional Items. Red Bull has a long enough helf life that It Isnt close tothing that typically goes bad and It usually sells before the expiration date is even an issue. progress is something Red Bull is really great at. The brand Is available for those in extreme sports, in the right places at the local stores. The brand knows that its intention market is the 18-30 year old individual and knows how to reach them.When considering an environmental inspect for Red Bull, the Information that Is available Is advantageous to the organization. Red Bull recognizes which outside companies are its competition and has devised plans to mitigate the risk of being nferior to those brands. Internally, Red Bull is financed from the operating cash flow and has a healthy financial pos ition. Red Bull is multi-national so it operates in a way that works with the more different governmental systems.The rising sales in nations such as South Africa helped the Red Bull brand to grow by 15. 9% in 2012. (Official Red Bull Website 2013). When conducting a Marketing Segmentation Analysis- some factors to Include would be age, gender, Income and geographic area. With Red Bull, it is advantageous to note that their behind market is 18-30 typically male individuals. Within that target market however, in that respect are different methods that must be used to market to those consumers.The 18-22 year old who consumes Red Bull may have to be reached in a college setting, during extreme sports, or on day-time television as they are not the typical working the 9-5 schedule. 22-30 year olds may have to be reached In professional settings, bar-scenes or on certain televlslon channels. Recognizing the difference in the ages is crucial for the brand. Geographically, Red Bull is v ersatile and has sales across the world- but has larger sales in countries that ave a generally younger remote growing population. Red Bull does come with ethical Issues.There are legion(predicate) studies that scan that Energy DrlnKs come witn nuge nealtn rlsKs I ne product nasnt Deen near Tor long enough to really be studied over a long period of time- but there have been studies conducted that link Red Bull to heart issues, stroke, growth stunt, and even cancer. Red Bull hasnt been know for any labor issues or integral issues as a keep company other than not disclosing the many health issues or resolving them in a proactive manner. Red Bull is typically mixed with intoxicant in nightclubs and establishments hat serve alcohol.Various health officials have posted warnings to avoid mixing Red Bull with alcohol because of a death that occurred in Hong Kong where a British patron consumed it with alcohol and later died. Linda Rychter, a spokeswoman for Red Bull in Australia, sa id that the report would be assessed by the companys headspring office in Austria. She also said, and I quote, The study does not show effects which would go beyond that of drinking a cup of coffee.

Philippine Literature Essay

Consisted of early Philippine allows passed down orally oral pieces have a communal theme it was difficult to trace the original author of the piece since oral lit did not focus on ownership or copyright, rather on the act of storytelling itself Many oral pieces became lost in the wave of the impertinent literary influence brought about by the Spanish village however, agree to the Philippine Literature A History & Anthology, English sport (Lumbera, B. & Lumbera C. ), the pre-colonial period of Philippine literary works is considered the longest in the unsophisticateds history Literature in this period is based on tradition, reflecting daily vivification activities such as housework, farming, fishing, hunting, and taking care of the children as well Oral pieces told stories which explained heroes and their adventures they attempted to explain certain natural phenomena, and, at the same time, served as entertainment purposes Pre-colonial literature showed certain e lements that linked the Filipino culture to other Southeast Asian countries (e. g. oral pieces which were per create through a tribal dance have certain similarities to the Malay dance) This period in Philippine literature history represented the ethos of the people before the arrival of a huge cultural influence literature as a cultural tradition, than a form of art that had a particular exercise of decorum. Early Forms of Philippine Literatureo Bugtong (riddles a bugtong contains a illustration called,Talinghaga), Salawikain (proverb) o Pre-colonial poetry Tanaga (expresses a view or a lever of the world), Ambahan (songs about childhood, human relationships, hospitality sung by the Mangyan), Duplo (verbal jousts/games), Bayok (thoughts about love), Balagtasan (performed on stage) o Epic poetry romantic heroes and heroines that are a locution of the world as perceived by the early Filipinos. Notable whole kit and boodle of the Pre-colonial Period o Tuwaang, Lam-ang, Hini lawod, BantuganII. Spanish Colonial Period (Mid-16th late nineteenth century) The Spanish culture, as reflected in the works of this literature period, showed a showdown with the pre-colonial Filipino literature in the beginning. However, due to the length of stay of the colonizers, the Spanish culture was eventually imbued in the Filipino literature of the period theology became an important theme that had influenced the early Filipino writings which had the presence of paganism Christian Folk-Tale In addition, the influence of religion, besides on the daily life of the natives, was lead by the friar/missionary/parish priest who were appointed by the Spanish government Despite the goal of the Spanish government to turn of events the country into a full-fledged European colony, the Spanish influence ironically inspired a reformation from the natives, which eventually turned into a novelty Yet regardless of the conflicts that plagued the relationship between the Spaniards and the Filipinos, a sense of nationalism was formed among the oppressed, and had caused them to rise up to a nationalistic cause The essay genre was recognized amidst the scene of editorial protest Jose Rizal and Plaridel (Marcelo H. Del Pilar) were among those who opt in using the pen in voicing out the peoples cry instead of the sword Introduction of the roman alphabet that piecemeal replaced the alibata The Filipino literature of this period became the predecessor of many more literary works to come in the ages, wherein the theme of nationalism and freedom of dialect would be evident. Philippine Literature and Art during the Spanish Periodo Pasyon and Sinakulo (religious dramas performed during the Holy Week) o Narrative Poems Awit Corrido o Komedya a theatrical carrying into action which captured the ideal European lifestyle as portrayed by gallant characters Notable Works of the Spanish Period o Doctrina Christiana (1593) the world-class book ever published in t he Philippines printed by the Dominican Press o May Bagyo Mat May Rilim according to literary historian, Bienvenido Lumbera, is the first printed literary work in Tagalog o Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong P.Natin na Tola (1704) eventually referred to as Pasyon, was written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen an example of Christian house epic in which the passion of Jesus Christ was written in relation with the plight of the Filipino people who were oppressed by the colonizers, as well as the values of a Filipino o Ninay (1885) first Filipino novel written Pedro Paterno o Florante at Laura Francisco Balagtas Baltazar though on that point are symbols and themes which dictate the protest of the Filipino against the Spanish regime, it is uncertain as to whether or not Balagtas had intended the issue which was subtly derived from his work since he left no notes or additional pieces that may affirm the termination o Noli Me Tangere (1887) and El Filibusterismo (1891) Jose Rizal w orks which created an impact on the national awareness and love for ones country against the abusive government of the Spaniards o La Solidaridad Propagandist newspaper.III. American Colonial Period (Late 19th Mid-20th century) The moderate decline of the Philippine literature written in Spanish The English language eventually became the medium of writing and instruction in schools As the Spanish colonizers left the country in accordance with the Treaty of Paris, the tone of nationalism and the desire to be accognitiond of independence did not evaporate just yet. Instead, these uniting forces geared into revolting against the new colonizers During the American colonization period, Philippine literature reflected the ethos of its people under a new role.However, these daily acquires under a new foreign influence, as well as sentiments, were expressed through the English language The Spanish sarsuwela was eventually replaced by the drama One major influence of the Americ an occupation on the Filipino literature is its refining in the context of the content and the form. Furthermore, because of this broadened knowledge on the field of literature through the education provided by the American government, Philippine literature has become more than a tradition formed by culture.It has become an art which succeeding poets, fictionists, and playwrights continue to build upon and ameliorate in every generation Beginning with Rizals use of affable realism as one of the major themes for his two major novels, the literature during the American colonization also became an involvement, not just reflecting the Filipino experience a strengthened sense of nationalism deeply rooted in the Filipino pride and culture Unlike in the Spanish colonization period wherein female writers (e. g. Gregoria de Jesus) were overshadowed by their more dominant, male contemporaries as a result of the education only being provided to a selected and internal few during the Am erican occupation, women have had their opportunity to enhance their talent by being educated on the craft. In addition, the growing popularity of works written by Filipina writers is the result of the growing audience appreciating literature by females. Philippine Literature and Art during the American Period o Short apologue o Poetry in English o Free versify in Poetry o Drama Notable Works of the American Period o Mga Agos sa Disyerto (1964) Efren R. Abueg, Edgardo M. Reyes, Eduardo Bautista Reyes, Rogelio L. Ordonez and Rogelio R. Sikat this short story anthology brought fiction into the age of contemporaneity o Ako ang Daigdig (1940) Alejandro G. Abadilla free verse poem o Sa Dakong Silangan Jose Corazon de Jesus a poem written in the vernacular http//lourdesbraceros. weebly. com/a-brief-history-of-philippine-literature-in-english. html

The benefits of learning english

M each people see the powerfulness to communicate and ripple with some others as one of the major returnss of fixing face. Even outside of a professional environment, people often Ilke to be able to talk to individuals from well-nigh the world. galore(postnominal) people find heavy(p) social and cultural benefits in having pen pals from other countries, and the Internet makes such communication fast and easy. lettered English apprize broaden the types of people you can discourse to, whether Its via email or on an online discussion forum.A tremendous number of websites are take ony(prenominal) primarily In English, and anyone who oes non hear the run-in whitethorn make believe difficulty using them. For anyone Interested In traveling to countries In which English Is the primary or common language, It Is often essential to determine and express It. Throughout the LJK, US, and Canada, traveling and shopping are often made easier by saying the language since more individuals whitethorn not treat any other language. ne of the most important benefits of tuition English is the ability to explore these regions and more easily communicate with locals to learn about places and events that expertness otherwise outride unknown. Many people in atomic number 63an countries learn English in school, so nowing it can in wish manner be of benefit when traveling in locations even where its not the native tongue. Learning a language can also be a great counseling to meet people, even if you never plan on leaving home.A tier at a local community center or college can introduce you to a wide variety of people who are also interested in English, and give you the opportunity to interact with them in a controlled setting. Language courses often encourage students to carry on conversations with each other in the language being learned, and this can be a great way to break the ice with new people. Immigrants to English-speaking countries who do not speak t he language are often at a heartbreaking disadvantage economically.Its much more difficult to get and hold a job, find a place to live, and even do everyday tasks like grocery shopping if you dont understand the language. Learning English not besides benefits immigrants themselves, it also helps families by allowing parents to be involved more fully in their childrens lives and education. In addition, these children dont have to translate for their parents, allowing them to be kids instead of interpreters. A capacious amount of popular ntertainment comes out of Hollywood, and nearly all of It Is produced In English.American movies and TV programs are distributed all over the world, and are often subtitled for people who dont speak the language. Knowing English can allow you to better understand the subtleties of dialog that subtitles frequently miss. It can be a challenge to translate concepts and wrong that dont match one-for-one between languages, and nuances of meaning can b e lost. Language is an inherently cultural construct. How people speak, the words they cnoose, ana tne toplcs unaer Olscusslon are deeply tlea Into tne culture 0T a place.By learning English or any other language, you are put yourself into the mindset of a native speaker and are introduced to legion(predicate) of the concepts that he finds important. Gaining a better understanding of other cultures can help you to enrich your own understanding of the world and how others see it. Many of the most braggart(a) and well known publications throughout the world are written and printed in English. Scholars interested in doing research at an academic level, or workings on new scientific developments, should consider the benefits of learning English to read these periodicals and publish their own work.Publication in peer-reviewed Journals is often required for soul who wishes to remain in academia, and the ability to read and write in English may be necessary to maintain such a position . Even learning about current events often requires an understanding of the language, since so many spheric publications and news websites use it. Because English is a first language for many countries, many other nations teach it as a requirement in schools. It is estimated that over a billion people in the world speak English on at least a basic level.For many people, the benefits of learning English involve the new pportunities that become available to someone who understands it. Anyone interested in attending a university in the US, for example, needs to speak it or be able to pass a test proving that he or she is fluent. People who do decide to learn English may need to consider what type of English is best for them to know. The two most common forms are British English and American English, and they can be quite different in some respects.The fundamental underlying language is the same, and people who learn one are likely to still be easily understandable by someone who peaks the other, but there impart be instances in which words are phrases dont mean the same thing. a good deal of the decision about which type of English to learn result reckon on where a student is learning it and what his or her ultimate goals are. To understand the language generally, any type of class will be of help. Many people dont have a wide variety of options to choose from, and a local college may only teach British English, for example.Someone who lives in Europe is more likely to be taught this form simply because he or she is closer geographically to the United Kingdom. Individuals who are learning English for a Job, however, might want to seek out a class that is specifically tailored to business language or to the form spoken in the country they will be doing business with. A person who will be regularly working with an American company, for example, may better understand the nuances of her coworkers if she is familiar with the terminology and idioms of that country .

Principles of Economics Essay

Lets low gear start with a question that although is trivial, scarce reach totallyeviate us understand the answer to this question, a little better. What is sparing harvesting? Economic gain is the maturation in the inflow of m unrivalledy indoors the rescue. In other words, it is withal the increment in the brasss holding of money. Now, thither be a draw poker of airs an thriftiness give nonice be ascendinged in frame to make the country much efficient. Some batch mistake the growth and the stimulation of the scrimping as the plus in revenue enhancementes. It is non incorrect to say that the adjoin in the governments r reddenue is laid-backly based on the append in the tax stray by out the country.This plus in the tax station is not only on the products of the government-based organizations or factories, scarce even the secluded poseors and the citizen-owned companys products use up to endure the homogeneous tax rate. This amplify in tax-ra te, no doubt change magnitudes the government tax revenue, making them much capable of slide bying and investing more(prenominal)(prenominal) than on the countrys radix and to work on the aras that susceptibility ascension the economy. exclusively there is something very alpha that happens while they argon at the point of increase the tax rates.They overlook the fact that the increase in the tax rate reduces the consumer investments. This simplification in the consumer investments decreases the contain of the products. By this I mean that their purchasing bureau is change magnitude, not straight off, that is their salary is not decreased, intactly the prices atomic number 18 increased due to the increase in the tax rates. This reduction in the consumer demand thence furnishs the stinting growth to go in the negative direction. This is just one approach that close to hatful become about the economy. Some lot mistake the economic growths key factor to be ex ercise.Well, they be highly incorrect. The economic growth of any country is not dependent upon how many products and goods ache been consumed in the grocery store. But, alternatively it is dependent on the labor of those goods and go. It is the production that wait ons the economic growth. The manufacturing of the cars on the streets is not something made by nature and given to us to use. kinda it is the workings of both, the businesses and the individuals that is the production and then the aspiration of the manufactured cars to make the conveyance of title system of the country more efficient.Hence, by this we rout out conclude that, the economic growth of a country is not the pulmonary tuberculosis, completely the result of the production that increases the consumption of the goods in the economy, thereby increasing the demand of the products and whence, get alonging the economy. This misperception that has been described supra is what is wrong in the economy. Th e Bush administration emphasises more on the consumption landing it in spending deficit of over $ 100 billion. Although this coffin nail be looked over from a different perspective, for example, we talk about an un apply man who spends and profanes his household necessities by using credit cards.This does not throw overboard the spending to increase, because the consumers be using their credit cards and not a liquid asset (money). The Bush administration as mentioned above focuses more on the consumption and not the spending, this in construction reduces the budget that is allocated for the production, if the government is elicited more in how much is consumed in the market. Although this is the wrong approach, moreover is still being followed in the country. The production has been slowed and so has the consumption in the economy. Until and unless there is not enough production, there is no trend that the consumption can increase. Sacks, 2001) Well, just like any other pro blem, there is a solution to this problem too. The government does not restrict the production directly by stopping the factories to levy more, instead, the wage increase in the taxes increases the prices of the raw materials, hence increases the prices of the raw materials, increases the prices of the goods. The then increased prices of the goods reduces the purchasing power of the consumers, thereby decrease consumption. The increase in taxes is one way of how the production is reduced.The government demand to decrease the number of restrictions on the private / public owned organizations and absolve them. (Giplin, 1987) The private sectors not only squander to go through these restrictions what to produce when, but they also have a handle of trade restrictions. For example, if a computer Software Company in a state in USA wants Indian programmers to table service them out to design new software, they can not get them. The law restricts them to get citizenry from abroad t o champion them out. The above mentioned are just few problems and misperceptions of the people of as to what very is economic growth.Also mentioned above are the things that hinder economic growth. Now, we lead be talking about how the economy can be boosted. pursuance are just few ways of what the government can do to stimulate the economy. We volition then be discussing what the individuals can do as citizens to help in the growth of the economy. in that respect are a lot of things that the government can do to make the economic growth faster. But in every idea that forget be laid down, we have to keep in mind that this is not a perfect arena and we can not expect everything to work out in reality, the way we want it to.There is always a room for improvement. One of the options to boost the economy is to create more jobs. More people being employed would mean more production and more production allows the consumption to increase and ultimately the demand for consumer good s would also increase. The aggregate demand for goods when increased boosts the economy. It is an entire circle that goes clockwise that is boost the economy when there are more people hired and under stimulate it when there is a high unemployment rate in the country.This option can also be looked from a different perspective. A high unemployment rate of the country would mean that there are more people send wordd from work. This substance that the people who are employed ordain only be the ones with good salary. This in caper agent that they will be the only ones in the economy who can buy goods because their purchasing power is not affected. Now, because not a lot of people are employed, the rate at which the products were being consumed forwards the raise in the rate of unemployment would fall.This decrease in the rate of consumption allows the companies fire more workers in order to increase their revenues, that is, if the consumption is low, their revenues will be low and they would have to fire more people so that they do not end up in losses. Hence, the unemployment rate would be even higher. (Giplin, 1987) Hence if the government starts to spend more on the various projects and infrastructure, that is focus more on the production and not just the spending, then this would emphatically allow more people to be hired and thereby diminution the rate of unemployment.These artificially produced jobs do not directly increase the consumption of the goods but increase the level of employment in the country, increases the purchasing power of the employees and make them more efficient to buy various goods and services. There is one more thing that can be done to boost the economy of the country. That is through reduction in the tax rates. This reduction in the taxes allows the increase of the purchasing power of the individuals allowing them to buy more.This increase in the consumption of the goods then helps the aggregate demand curve shift to the right that is increasing the demand of the goods and services. Lets take an example. If the tax charges for a particular product is 80 cents and before the increase in the tax rate was 50 cents, then I am more likely to buy more of that product when the tax rate was 50 cents. This increase in the consumption would then increase the demand. Hence, boost the economy. The tax revenue which adds to the revenues of the government might not be really high if the tax rates are high, as much as if it were low.By this I mean that, when the tax rates are high, people tend to buy less of the products. This increase in the tax rate although allows a high revenue for the government, but that is the narrow outlook of this perspective. Because, if the taxes are high, the purchasing power of the people decreases and instead of maybe 5 plucks of the same product that they utilise to buy with lesser tax rate, they may now buy just one piece of the same product. Hence the increase in taxes might not incre ase the revenue as much as the decrease in the taxes would. (Sacks, 2001) temporary hookup the economists are dealing with the countrys economy, as in how is the economy to be improved, there are a lot of things that they have to consider. It is not just the tax rate or just the employment rate that is to be considered. Hence, it is important to know the problem, the solution to the problem and the most important thing is the timing. When the decision that has been made is implemented is very important. Hence, by the epoch the decision has been made and the economists are ready to implement the new policy, the economic conditions by then would have changed dramatically.It is good to leave the economy the way it is, at times. Before we make matters even worse, we should take a break, leave the economic activities of the country alone for a while and let them be just the way they are. There is a growing inflation in the economy, and not a lot is being done to decrease the rate of inf lation. The upper conformation people are not the ones that suffer and abide spending money from mortgage. It is the middle order and the lower class people who have to go through all the agony to have means to earn more in order to cover up the loans they have been borrowing.Now, in this very scenario, there are two things that are to be considered. One is the interest rate and the other is the inflow of money in the wrong hands. (Richards, 2007) The inflow of money in the wrong hands means that, the deep keep on getting richer, and the poor get poorer. The rich already have jobs which allow them to own multi million dollar buildings, private jets, an 1890 model cars and a lot more. And with their current employment, they do not spend that money, it goes in their bank accounts not in their pockets to spend.The government should be more careful in where their money goes. Because if the upper class gets it, it is highly definite that they will not be spending it, rather preserv ation it. This entire problem of not spending will decrease the consumption of goods that are being produced. Where as, if the money that goes in the hands of the middle and the lower class people will be dog-tired as soon as they get it. This is because they are the ones who are suffering from the increase in inflation. They are the ones who are not able to pay the bills, their childrens school fee, window pane expenses etc.Hence money in their hands would be spent pretty quickly. (Cohn, 2007) Every time the economy slows down the middle class and the lower class people are the ones that are affected by it. The reduction in the economic growth of the country is usually followed by a rise in the unemployment rate. The middle class workers are the ones that are fired first and they are rehired after everyone else has been hired. And they are the ones that mostly undergo all the problems faced by people in the time of poverty. (Levine, 1982) The help problem is of the interest rate s.The government has to lower the interest rates so that the individuals are more capable of investing and consuming more. With higher interest rates in the market the people can not invest in the infrastructure, the increase in the interest rates contributes to the increase in the prices of the infrastructure that is for sale. The decrease in the investment by the individuals would in turn reduce the demand for the available land and the buildings etc. (Richards, 2007) asunder from all this, it is highly important for the government to reduce the costs of housing in the country.If the costs are reduced, they will be better off and will be able to afford things that they could not earlier. Not only this, but the government should spend more on infrastructure and build more houses. This would create more jobs and would allow people to buy more inexpensive houses. Earlier, we discussed the rising rate of inflation and how it affects the lower and the middle class workers. There is o ne more thing that the government needs to work on considering the ever-growing inflation rate of the country.The nominal wage rate of the people through out the country should be increased. This was the plan of the Bush administration before the attack of the September 9, 2000. It was to be implemented, but then the attack on the world trade centre took place and the economic growth was decreased dramatically. Hence, the increase in the minimum wage rate never took place. This increase in the wages will ultimately allow people to buy more by having their purchasing power increased. (Levine, 1982) One of the key factors that help stimulate the economy is a highly educate workforce.This workforce will help boost the economy in several ways. The wages of the people will be higher once they are highly educated and this will in turn help the economy to stimulate itself. Apart from this, the government should invest more in the capital in the country. This will allow the government to employ more workers and will ultimately increase the demand for various consumer goods, thereby stimulating the economy. It is very important for a country to have a proper and a backbreaking infrastructure this certainly helps the government to boost the economy.This strong infrastructure can not be obtained in a days work it takes a lot of years to reach a position where the economy is strong enough to withstand the problems that the government faces during recession if there is any in the future. The individuals can and will do what ever they can in order to make their country better off but the country is slide fastener without proper law enforcement forces that will make genuine that they are on the right track. Not only that, but the government will have to make sure that the promised contracts by the individuals are being materialized.The government should nominate people different conservation accounts which will push the people to take over more. This will help them l earn the importance of saving. A lot of people in the country are known for living large. This term is used for them only because they spend their salaries as soon as they get them. Now, this outgo of their salaries that they do as soon as it enters their bank accounts is not a think that they should be proud of. But if the government advertise their saving accounts more then there is a high possibility that the people will save and put their money in those bank accounts.The yard this is emphasized is that if the people are unemployed, they would not have to borrow a lot and then be in debt for years, with the debts interest increasing every year. Well, first of all the government will be sure of the fact that not a lot of money will be on loaned if there is a high unemployment rate, and even if it is, they will be sure that the money is returned, because not a lot of it would have been borrowed in the first place. The people will take out money first from their savings account.Wi th an tolerate interest return rate of the savings accounts it will be even easier for the people to save a little every month without second guessing themselves that the money they are investing will not be in vain, and will help them in the future. It is very important for the government to allow an open market economy. This open market economy would then allow trade of goods and services from around the globe without any hindrances. Likewise it would not only boost the morale of the employees to work harder to produce more goods and services but also provide them with higher wages.This higher wage will be a result of the increase in trade which indirectly means increase in consumption of the goods and services. This increase in consumption will allow the aggregate demand curve to shift to the right that is, the demand for the consumer goods will increase. (Sacks, 2001) There is one more thing which is very important for a country to boost its economy, to make the most of what it has and to be efficient. Timing is the most important factor of all. To produce the right amount of goods at the appropriate time is highly essential.This efficiency can be obtained with the increase in the technological advancements taking place in the country. The technological advancements of the country would not only make the production of goods time-efficient, but the production of the goods itself will be cost effective. The term cost effective means that the products are produced with the minimum cost of the raw materials, allowing a high wage margin. This high profit margin helps various organizations to produce more, hence hire more workers, and pays them more if the sales are high. All this plays a huge role in boosting the economy. (Giplin, 1987)

Prayer In Public Schools Essay

The pros and cons of suppliant in populace shallows prevail been debated for over forty years. The fanny of the United States is based on religious tolerance. The pilgrims came to this solid ground because they were non bighearted to worship and take care God leading to the guarantee of religious license in the temper. In years past, it was not acceptable in this country to proclaim disbelief in God.  Prayer in schools was an integral transgress of religious life. During the 1940s and 1950s, conservatives and liberals turn overd religion focusing on a in- mortal relationship with Christ should be taught in schools (Zimmerman, pg. 1). It was not until the 1960s that idiosyncratics began to have issues with this status quote.With more and more citizens coming forward to fight for their individual religious rights, it was decided by the imperious court of law that since everyone does not see in God (or does not believe in the same God) on the fence(p) petitioner should be removed from public schools. This does not mean that any communeer was removed from public schools. The 1962 ruling of the Supreme Court arrange organise school petition unconstitutional (Manegold, pg. 1), which means that students can save pray privately. Yet, some people still found this unacceptable. No numerate what side of the issue someone sits on, the fight surrounding prayer in public schools is deep and long-running.Separation of church and solid ground is a cardinal premise of our Constitution and our country, (pbs.org, pg. 1). Prayer represents church and the Supreme Court and public schools represent republic. The Constitution infers that the two should never meet. Those who oppose prayer in schools, first argue that prayer in public schools ferment church and state together.The 1962 decision brought a surprising number of religious supporters. Martin Luther world-beater Jr. was one such supporter. Its prayer decision was get and good, King decla red, reaffirming something that is basic in our Constitution, namely separation of church and state (Zimmerman, pg. 1). Pastors and proclaimed Christians supported the Supreme Court because they did not want the state or government mixing in church affairs.Another controversy focuses on personal rights guaranteed by the Constitution. As citizens of the United States, every person is guaranteed certain rights and public prayer impinges on those rights. Personal religious beliefs should not be forced onto someone else. Everyone has a right to pray and believe in what they want, whenever they want.The 1st amendment sets out the principles regarding religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.  Basically, it protects our rights to worship as we want, say what we want, inconvenience what we want, gather in groups, and make our concerns known to the government.  It also prohibits the government from identifying with a particular religion effectively separating church and sta te (pbs.org, pg. 1).When students are allowed to prayer publicly, the issue of others imposing their personal beliefs on others will occur. Prayer in school inhibits personal and guaranteed rights. Supporters of prayer in public schools believe the Supreme Court has overstepped its authority. The supreme Courtserves to clarify, refine and test the ideals written into the Constitution (pbs.org, pg. 1). It is their job to interpret the Constitution when lawsuits are filed concerning Constitutional laws. As a result of restricted prayer in public school, supporters of prayer hide to flood Congress with proposals to keep the issue alive (Zimmerman, pg. 1), battle to bring organized prayer put up into public schools.            Supporters argue that the amount of personnel in todays schools is directly linked to the ban of prayer in schools. It is not just a matter of students fist fighting but violence often involve knifes and guns, re sulting in deaths. Juvenile vice is on the rise. America is in an advanced state of moral decline, (Zimmerman, pg. 2). Those in favor of prayer in schools are convinced that if God is brought back into the classroom, the violence will stop. The Bible teaches against violence and teaches love and tolerance. Collective and organized prayer will bring students together and stop violence.            The United States is a diverse country with millions of people who believe in different religions and serve different Gods (or the same God called by different names). Students have a right to go to school and not be made to heart uncomfortable because of public prayer. The problem with supporters of prayer in public schools is that they do not understand the Supreme Courts 1962 ruling. The Supreme Courts ruled organized prayer is unconstitutional. Students can still pray privately. There is no reason to have public prayer unless the address is to sway individuals to a particular way of thinking.Twenty-two years forwards the 1962 ruling, in 1940, the Supreme Court ruled that a public school may require students to salute the flag and pledge allegiance up to now if it violates their religious scruples (pbs.org, pg. 2).  Although this ruling was overturned three years later, it shows how the emergence of school and religion has always been a murky area.The issue of prayer in school remains unsettled from the Supreme Court to local anaesthetic governments to school officials (Manegold, pg. 1). The first amendment has guaranteed everyone the right to free speech, therefore, citizens of the United States will advance to fight for rights they believe have been infringed in any way. The debate over prayer in school has not ended and is not plausibly to end in the near future.Works Cited Manegold, Catherine S. February 5, 1994. Senators Take a vigilant Stand on School Prayer. New York Times. Retrieved from http//que ry.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html.PBS. April 5, 2001. School and Religion. Virginia. Retrieved from http//www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june00/school_prayer.htm.Zimmerman, Jonathan. January 25, 2001. The another(prenominal) Massive Resistance School Prayer and the Conservative Revolution, 1962-1984. New York University. Retrieved from http//www.virginia.edu/uvanewsmakers/newsmakers/zimmerman.html.

Kitchen Best

Grade 84/100 87/100 Challenges 16/20 Causes 16/20 PoA 20/25. Be more than specific Research 20/20 Writing 12/15. go bad to organize your paper more concisely and coherently with more potent headings/subheadings/visual aides Grade update I added 3 more points to achieve this section 15/15 based upon your re-draft.? enthalpy Chan, who is the chief operating officer of Kitchen Best, has set some ambitious targets for the business in 2008. However, his plan suffered a setback when a series of crises happened in 2010.These accidents involved in grievous management problems such as personal gains made at the outgo of the comp whatever and kickbacks offered and accepted between Kitchen Best and its partners. Symptoms Deep rooted practices of kickbacks, bribing and putrescence Accepting kickbacks, bribing and corruption were common in business caboodleings of kitchen best. Chan dong, fracture of kitchen best treated his employees as family, and malefactored blind eye on any such practices as long as they were helpful in business amplification.But later when Henry Chan took over the business, a series of incidents had lead him to take a deeper look into the company and uncover serious instances of misconduct. un good means followed by kitchen bests most trusted employee The shago incident Horatio Sze Sze awarded the contract to a factory owned by his br otherwise in law, for his personal gain. Knowing that the products were faulty, he hasnt taken any sanative action or cancel the contract. Macy wei Having known that the products showed faulty in the in-house interrogation and Szes negligence towards this for his personal gain, she hasnt reported it to the higher management, considering the serious relation between Sze and Li. Ignorance of Henry and Ma luk Sze reported at once to Ma Luk. Neither Ma took the responsibility to enquire further on the issue, nor did Henry involve himself very much in monitoring the decisions of sub-contracting made by Sze. Haus de thermionic valve Henry Chan, after having learnt from an anonymous letter that a shipment for German retail chain HdM did non take c be the companys base hit requirements, did non pursue the case any further for fear of losing the customer. Honghua appliances Ma Luk Ma has built good dealings with Honghuas general double-decker for greater china, through wining, entertainment, dining and offering kickbacks. But the substituted management of Hanghua was purely against these practices and reevaluated the competency of all its suppliers. So, kitchen bests relations with Honghua were at risk.Also, Ma has misused the company expenses for his personal gain. Henry Chan Henry Chan didnt open much grip on the clients and relations with them. He was mostly strung-out on the populate of the senior management, bid Ma who were mainlanders, to build relations with the clients and customers and he saw such practices as inevitable part of Chinese business culture. Lack o f well-designed monetary policies Kitchen best did not consume any well-defined policies or guidelines to figure the expenses for entertaining customers.Henry Chans Cultural bulwark Henry Chan found it difficult to deal with mainland customers due to his cultural barriers. He was born and brought up at Hong Kong, and had not much exposure to deal with the mainland customers. So he had difficulties to cope up with the business culture and dealings with mainlanders. He had to depend on senior management, hence had no meet grip on the business there. Causes Unplanned/sudden shift in management Kitchen bests employees were not prepared for the sudden change in management from Chan dong to Henry Chan.Each of them had completely different managing names. Chan followed a paternalistic managerial style, treating the employees as a family and maintaining good relations with them, dapple Henry followed the western style of management. This gave the employees a chance to misuse the ind ecency of taking decisions that western style invoked In the west, the ideal boss is a resourceful democrat. He sets the vision and strategy for the business alone empowers subordinates to execute. He encourages ii-way communication with his employees and allows bottom-up input in decision-making. In China, the ideal boss is a benevolent father. He is comparable a parent (a Chinese parent, by the way) who supervises his children on everything that need to be done. He believes in discipline and attention to details and manages his people at a micro level. He also spends lots of time warmth for the personal wel distante of his employees and regards it as part of his job. reference management style differences between china and U. S Author Joy Huang Shift of think on different set of customers eastern and western management (business cultures)is for 95% the same and differs in every important aspect. - Takeo Fujisawa (Honda) Kitchen best mostly center on Asian market but Henry focused on extending the business to western customers. Till then the company had no induce with restrainly dealing with the customers of Europe and America, and hence has no grip over these regions. The dealings at mainland and decision making were completely left to trusted employees without Henrys personal monitoring and they took advantage of it.Henrys experience as compared to that of senior management Henrys experience was far less than most of the employees in senior management who have been works for the company from its very beginning. Employees like Ma, Sze were very much trusted by Chan dong and Henry couldnt go completely against the practices they followed although they were unethical. Lack of control over decision making and pecuniary management Henry relied much on his senior management for decision-making. But unlike Chan, he did not involve himself much, in making important decisions in mainland business operations.Any other monitoring measures were not practic eed in the company. Kitchen best did not have any well designed financial policies that checked the ineffective expenses like dining, wining or entertaining the clients. Employees faked invoices and used the expenses for their personal gains. This would have been controlled if there was habitual auditing. Henrys cultural limitations Henry was born and brought up in Hong Kong, studied at U. S. Although he had experience in marketing of voltaic and electronic appliances, it was the first time for him to work with kitchen best.He was not so beaten(prenominal) with the business culture of mainland nor did he have good relations with the mainland clients. He believed that some unethical practices were inevitable in Chinese business culture, so although determined to change these practices, he ignored some cases and hand not implemented strict measures to control them altogether. Culture is more much a source of conflict than of synergy. cultural differences are nuicanse at best and o ften disaster Dr. Geert Hofstede Recommendations A strong form _or_ system of government for internal contro l and financial management has to be designed and implemented. 2 months a strong polity to mitigate financial risks, continually asses new risks and minimize operational distractions to happen upon the key results established in a commissions strategic plan That should distinctly and consistently maintain an internal control framework by exploitation a control policy and accompanying procedures that establish a inscription to reducing risk of loss and preserving commission resources.This document should briefly apologize the objectives/goals of the commission, the ethical standard expected from employees, and the policies/procedures it is committed to adhering to in order to meet those objectives. Henry must first concentrate on getting a good grip on existing territory and then expansion of business to the west. Immediately 1-2 months Henry Chan should start working more on the existing territory business operations, by involving himself in decision making, interacting directly with clients of mainland, rather than leaving it to Ma. Then strategically work on expanding direct business with the west, like getting to know the business culture and gentility a set of employees according to western business culture. Investigate and rebuke/ take disciplinary action Next one month Ignoring the ethical breach of employees could lead to more corruption. Completing the investigation of cases and warning or taking disciplinary actions on employees responsible for it irrespective of their seniority could be substantial in reducing the corruption in business dealings.Set up a monitoring commissioning 15 days Set up a monitoring committee that is headed by Henry, and includes legal , financial advisors of kitchen best, and auditing group. This committee should constantly work on monitoring the activities, and flow of finance at different branches of the c ompany Trial implementation of the policy made and make amendments if necessary 2 months Implementing the designed policy for a period of two months and check for any loopholes, and make amendments if necessary. Managing the risk of histrion The truth is you cannot bastinado internal fraudsters if you are unfamiliar as to where and how they play their game of conjuring trick and betrayalyou fail to know where your operations greatest risks and vulnerabilities areor you fail to have enough knowledge to develop and implement a realistic anti-fraud action plan. reference book business fraud Jack L Hayes moral philosophy management Keep the alone(p) ethical climate of each market in mind when crafting your cypher of ethics to ensure that it is relevant to the international arena Apply standards as in all markets, and among all subsidiaries.Stick to your standards, whatever they are. If you have a policy of following your home countrys ethical standards around the world, be p repared to turn down opportunities in markets with unfavorable ethical climates. Make company-wide ethics cooking a regular activity, in addition to administering comprehensive ethics readiness programs for new hires. Use training sessions to highlight actual areas of concern in your organization, citing specific examples as often as possible. References Journal of Academic and ancestry Ethics International Business Ethics International Business Ethics Institute Top Ten Mistakes References http//www. f5ac. org/item. asp? id=3340 first five financial control guide ch 6. Internal control http//www. slideshare. net/anandsubramaniam/cross-culture-east-west http//smallbusiness. chron. com/accounting-principles-general-financial-ethical-standards-36283. hypertext markup language http//www. copedia. com/internal_controls. html http//smallbusiness. chron. com/cultural-communication-barriers-workplace-13888. html

Edwardian family Essay

The furniture alone really shows the wealth and opulence of this top(prenominal) class Edwardian family. The furniture and clothes also develops trust amid the audience and characters as it gives eat up a cosy home find. It is patent from when you first suppose act one that JB Priestley has made a upset effort to change the tone from how it was at the beginning (relaxed) to how it ended (tense). When we read the play for the first time, we get the impression that for people as superscript as the birlings to take any notice of somebody in a lower social class than them, somebody such as Eva metalworker actually has to die. This shows huge injustice and makes us feel very clement for Eva smith.The main way he achieved this is by the use of the plot. This is because they are having a nice relaxed dinner party, and then an examiner who they save never spiel before knocks on their door, and begins to interrogate them ab break through a suicide. This puzzles them as the j urisprudence officer openly says that it was definitely a suicide, therefore what crime could they realize committed. Although this is the main reason for the drastic change in tone, Priestley does many early(a) things to show this change.One aspect of his writing which does this is the way in which he wrote the testers lines. The inspectors lines are all written so that it sounds super aggressive from the Birlings point of view. One example of this, is when Shelia is organism extremely honest, and is telling the inspector how she got Eva Smith sacked. Shelia really shows how guilty she feels, how deep sorry she is and how she would behave differently a second time. only the tester very bluntly says Yes but you cant. Its too late. Shes dead.This is an extremely upfront and abrupt way of locution it. So he changes the mood from relaxed/happy to almost awkward and upsetting. Due to this aggressiveness which the Inspector shows from the moment he walks in the door, Mr Birling almost tries to fight impale which results in both of them almost competing in a childish game, where they nutriment trying to get one up on each other. E.g. (whos the bigger man)This is sh admit by Mr Birling consistently mentioning that he has friends in noble places. He does this in a very subtle and sly manor. At this point both of them know the involvement Mr Birling had with Eva Smith. Mr Birling remembered Eva Smith because he fired from his company her due to a campaign she light-emitting diode for higher pay. Therefore he last meet Eva Smith to a lower place unpleasant circumstances. This secret that both the inspector and Mr Birling had was probably what sparked off this aggressiveness.The first time we understand this happening is when Mr Birling says Perhaps I ought to warn you that hes an superannuated friend of mine, and that I see him fairly frequently. We play golf together at the West Bromley. The old friend being the inspectors chief constable. In a w ay Mr Birling is trying to tell the Inspector to tread carefully, by letting him know he has friends in high places. This aggressiveness sure enough demonstrates how Priestley changes the tone so drastically and so effectively. It also keeps the audience gripped devising it very exciting. All of the characters in this play have very bullocky personalities one way or other, and all of them represent some assortment of portrayal above everybody else in the play.Shelia, for example, shows that she feels much remorse than anyone else by faraway and seems truly hurt and guilty by the whole thing. For example when the inspector asked Shelia And was it the girls fault? Shelia replies No, not really. It was my own stupid fault. She has shown her honesty by owning up to it unlike her self obsessed father who would argue everything until he was proved completely wrong. She also displayed remorse by ridiculing herself, reflection It was my own stupid fault. Again sh e shows that she is sorry when she says Oh-why had this to happen. Rather than saying something like Mr Birling would say e.g. Well it was her own fault in the first place.Shelia plays the kind understanding character to the play, who comes across as more innocent than anybody else. She brings reason to the equation and we probably feel the more sympathy for her than anyone else. This is because when she tells her humbug, Priestley writes it as if it was from the bottom of her heart/sincerely. Another reason we feel this sympathy for her is because we feel she has been conned out the most, when we find out that the inspector is a fake.This is because she seems to have poured her heart out more then everybody else and after she finds out that the inspector is a con she still defends the morals the Inspector was saying even though the entire Eva Smith scenario, was completely false ground on the knowledge they had at the time. This happens in the 3rd act when Shelia says to Mr Birli ng It doesnt matter now of course, but was he really a police inspector?Mr Birling then replies Well if he wasnt, it matters a devils lot. Makes all the difference. Shelia then snappily responds No it doesnt. She says this meaning that just because the Inspector is gone nothing is changed because what he was saying was correct even if it was fictional. However Mr Birling cannot understand that the message has not changed, now they know the story was fiction and just says Dont be so childish, Shelia. This is another event in the play which supports Shelias kind, understanding and more fledged than her fathers personality. She represents a possibility of social change and seems to have some basic morality.

Enduring Vision Chapter 30 Notes

Identifications * Yuppies/VCRs/Three Mile Island * Yuppies young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear much(prenominal)(prenominal) Rolex watches or BMW cars. they came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of the Statesns in the 1980s, represented decade of greed, stopped creation radical, worried about weight. * VCRs icon cassette rec requests became popular in the late 70s that allowed viewers to tape and view later on contendd their favorite broadcasts and to rent movies on cassette.As entertainment became privatized, families stayed home with the VCR preferably of going to the movies * Three Mile Island 1979 an accident at the nuclear jell at this location that caused a radiation leak and forced the excretory product of 140,000 community near the site. the story made headlines around the world and seemed to keep peoples fears about nuclear power. * roe v. walk/Equal Rights Amendment ( season)/AIDS/ chaste Majority/televangelists * Roe v. Wade the 1973 dogmatic Court stopping point holding that a articulate ban on all spontaneous abortions was unconstitutional. he decision forbade state control over abortions during the commencement trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to specialise abortions to protect the mothers health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the terce trimester * Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) a constitutional amendment originally introduced in coitus in 1923 and passed by congress in 1972, stating that equality of rights under the law shall non be denied or abridged by the united states or by any state on account of sex. despite public nurse, the amendment fai conduct to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures. DID NOT RATIFY * AIDS AIDS pandemic in the 1970s made many Americans more cautious in their sexual behavior. * Moral Majority political organization of the United States which had an agendum of evangel ical Christian-oriented political lobbying. Formed by Jerry Falwell. organization made up of unprogressive Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were fundamental to maintaining its Christian conception of example law. his group pressured for legislation that would ban abortion and ban the states acceptance of homosexuality. * Televangelists ministers who would spread their messages via television ne twainrks * Gerald R. Ford/WIN/Mayaguez hap/Election of 1976 * Gerald R. Ford Nixons vice death chair after Agnew resigned he became the only president never to be elected. Taking office after Nixon resigned, he pardoned Nixon for all federal official crimes that he committed or whitethorn have committed. * WIN Whip pretension Now a program by the ford administration to curb inflation and dramatic wrong increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods. Did not really run for. Start due to OPEC * Mayaguez incident in May of 1975, Cambodian commies seize the ship Mayaguez and 39 Americans are held warranter. In retaliation the president ordered bombing on Cambodia and the launch of a rescue flush * Election of 1976 Jimmy Carter/democrat vs.Gerald Ford/republican= carter wins * Jimmy Carter/ extol transmission channel/ scrapama Canal accord/SALT II/Iran hostage crisis/ inner circle David * Jimmy Carter from Georgia was viewed as a Washington foreigner with no political ties and no scandals, people thought he would sum fresh ideas * stressed human rights. because of the soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow. Created the incision of energy and the department of education. e was criticized for his return of the panama canal zone * Love Canal a neighborhood in Niagara falls, New York, which became the subject of raceal and foreign attention, controversy, and eventual environmenta l notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of cyanogenetic waste buried beneath the neighborhood * Panama Canal Treaty 1978 passed by president carter, these cal direct for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and governance of panama.Very controversial. The people were not happy. * SALT II (st prisegic arms restriction treaty) superpowers pledged to limit nuclear arms production, although signed it was never officially ratified by the American senate * Iran hostage crisis in November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. n January 20, 1981, the day carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity * Camp David peace talks mingled with Egypt and Israel mediated by president carter * they led to a peace treaty the next year that returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt, guaranteed Israe li entre to the red sea and Suez canal, and more-or-less normalized diplomatic and sparing relations between the two countries. his isolated Egypt from the other Arab countries and led to Sadats assassination in 1981 * Ronald Reagan/Reagan variation/Reaganomics/deregulation/Contras/Grenada/Beirut bombings * Ronald Reagan elected president in 1980 and again in 1984. he ran on a campaign based on the commonalty man and populist ideas. Had participated in McCarthy trials. Iran released hostages on his inauguration day in 1980. he used the strategic defense initiative to avoid conflict. his meetings with Gorbachev were the for the first time steps to ending the cold war. e was also responsible for the Iran-contra intimacy which bought hostages with guns * Reagan Revolution increased defense spending reduced social programs and get down taxes they were based on supply side theory of growing the sparing by cutting government interference and taxes. attempt to return America to the traditional values of church, family, and free enterprise * Reaganomics these policies combined a monetarist fiscal policy, supply-side(cut income taxes), and domestic budget cutting. heir goal was to reduce the size of the federal government and stimulate economic growth, unemployed started going back to work * it included tax breaks for the rich, supply-side economics, and trickle down theory * Deregulation the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer * Contras a Nicaraguan go up group that got financial support from the CIA. his group was formed as a response to the overthrowing of Anastazio Somoza Debayle * Grenada a small Latin country where a communist government had taken power. Reagan invaded the country in protest of communist expansion, cover that he was not pursuing detente. Beirut bombings Lebanon 1983 two truck bombs in love separat e buildings housing united states and French force forces killing 299 Americans and Frenchmen self-annihilation bombers led to the withdrawal of the international peacekeeping force from Lebanon Reagan administration was is hard criticized for its foreign policy * SDI/Election of 1984/Iran-Contra Affair/Mikhail Gorbachev/START/INF Treaty/Pan Am 103 * SDI Reagans proposed strategic defense initiative (1983), also cognize as star ars, called for a land- or space-based shield against a nuclear attack. Although SDI was criticized as unfeasible and in violation of the antiballistic missile (ABM) treaty, congress authorise billions of dollars for development. * Election of 1984 republican Ronald Reagan (won in a landslide) democrat Walter Mondale (running mate Geraldine Ferraro first woman candidate). Iran-Contra Affair president Reagan authorized the off-the-books sale of stolen weapons from the pentagon to Iran in order to fund the Nicaraguan contras congress had forbidden him to use government cash in hand to support the contras helped keep Iraq from winning the Iraq-Iran war (did not want a middle eastern superpower) very illegal (Iran was considered a terrorist state) and almost caused Reagan to be impeached * Mikhail Gorbachev soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the cold war and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms * START Strategic Arms diminution Talks, talks between the united states and the soviet union in which reductions in missiles and nuclear warheads, not merely a limitation on increases, were negotiated * INF Treaty 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. Signed in Washington, DC. by US. President Ronald Reagan and Gorbachev on December 8, 1987. he treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges, defined as between 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles). under the treaty both nations were allowed to inspect each others military in stallations * Pan Am 103 1988 Libyan terrorist attack on US undone American plane (bomb) worst terrorist attack on us until 9/11 (270 killed) Questions 1. Which social activist movement of the 1960s go along strongly in the 1970s and 1980s? Why? a. The environmental movement continued strongly in the 1970s and 1980s. It gained momentum with Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, and the environmental laws of the 1960s and the start of Earth Day in 1970.The creation of groups such as Sierra Club and Greenpeace, for which membership increased greatly. Campaigns to save animals, plants, and the nautical were launched. In the 1970s environmentalists attacked the nuclear plants employing rallies and protests. The Three Mile Island incident and the chinaware Syndrome movie also aided in Environment change. b. The womans movement also continued strongly. With the Roe v. Wade decision, and the ERA 2. What was theRoev. Wadedecision? Why did it prove to be politically dissentious throughout the 1980s and early 1990s? c. Roe v. Wade was the 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional.The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mothers health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. d. The decision proved controversial, especially with the Evangelicals who were pro-life. The women, however, responded with Pro-life campaigns, which polls revealed represented the volume of Americans. 3. How did prospects for Native Americans improve in the late 1960s and 1970s? What pregnant problems continued to plague American Indians? e. Acts of militancy by the Native Americans caused the government to give the native Americans more rights over their lives and the reservations. Pride in being Native grew.The natives also launched business ventures on the reservations, making a kettle of fish of doe. They also gained the rights guaranteed in previous treaties. Alcoholism, disease, and high unemployment rates still impact the reservations but they still gained prosperity as a whole. 4. In what slipway did religious faith play a more decisive pagan and political role in the 1970s and 1980s? f. The evangelists took on conservative backlash against the radical changes in America. They first made movements against Roe v. Wade which led to the government stopping Medicaid for abortions. It also stopped the passing of the ERA bill. It also retrogressed the gay rights movement. New groups formed with religion and spiritual questioning.The moral majority formed the pro-life, pro-family, pro-moral, and pro-American crusade. Televangelists appeared on TV across the nation reaching millions of viewers. 5. What were the troubles that overwhelmed the Carter administration and prevented Carters reelection? g. Carter gave the Panama Canal back to Panama. His sheltering of the Shah i n Iran led to the hostage situation in Iran. The Iranians abused the American flag, and had anti-American mobs. Inflation grew sharply worse as a second major inunct crisis drove up prices. The Federal Reserve Board pushed the discount rate ever higher. With the cost of both credit and oil so high, economic activity deteriorated to stagflation. Carters reign was cursed.

Charter

More impediment of the library website, locate the following five database articles that deal with the dangers of global heating system and climate change. If you have difficulty finding these resources through the library databases, polish off the Embedded Librarian, Jodi Loomed, by posting a question to the Library Questions &038 Tips reciprocation forum. Study on Energy Use in China, by X. Yang and R. J. Crooked, in the Journal of the Energy Institute. Lawsuit Aims to Alter Climate Report, in theBulletin of the Ameri toilet Meteorological Society. Balancing Carbon Management and Renewable Fuels Production, by position Fuchs and Cheery Sullivan, in Bicycle. Global Warming, Dangerous Storms and Biomass Losses in the Oceans, by Ben Kroger, in Sea Technology. Climate of Change, by Broodier Raman, in the Canadian medical exam Association Journal. In a Word enter (name the document 01 _Yearned_Billion), tack your complete reference works in alphabetical order, by reservoir if available If no author is listed, arrange by title of the article.Compile entries in complete pascal American Psychological Association) format and Include the following citation elements essential to cite an online Journal article Author(s) Name(s) Year act of the Article Title of Journal Volume Number Issue Number Page Number(s) inside (Digital Object Identifier) OR URL of the article If no inside Is render The alphabetized arrangement, use of capitalization, and formatting (using a hanging Indent of half Inch) should all conform to PAPA requirements. You can refer to the listed on the economize &038 Cite tab of the library website. at one time your bibliography Is omelet, submit It to your Instructor Charter By matter 23 Association Journal. In a Word document (name the document 01 _Yearned_Bible), arrange your complete citations in alphabetical order, by author if available if no (American Psychological Association) format and include the following citation DOI (Digital Ob ject Identifier) OR URL of the article if no DOI is present The indent of one-half inch) should all conform to PAPA requirements. You can refer to the listed on the Write &038 Cite tab of the library website. Once your bibliography is complete, submit it to your instructor

Alibaba Case Study Essay

1.Lock-in effect is the phenomenon whereby technologies remain controlling as a result of large sunk investment costs, favorable technologies, and widespread usage. Since Alibaba.com is the first portal market mover in chinaware, it testament be difficult to create another portal market which is estimable as successful as Alibaba.com. The lock-in effect causes people to have option for Alibaba.com than any other portal market because they have already conventional their brand.Some customers also develop loyalty while other select brands that are familiar to them. It was also mentioned that many of Alibaba.coms registered members are sharp with the results they obtain, as indicated by the annual membership renewal rate, which exceeds 70%. This honourable further proves that it will be very difficult for a plump for mover or a new portal market to get over with Alibaba.com since they provide excellent service to their customers.2.Alibaba.com charges foreign sellers an annua l fee of close $400 for a TrustPass membership because he sees that global companies focus in doing line of descent with large companies. In order for global companies to do business with SMBs in China and all over the world, Alibaba.com created an affordable deal which is the annual fee of $400 for a TrustPass membership.However, SMBs in China pay $8000 as their annual membership fee because by existence members of Alibaba.com, these SMB save a handful amount of money by universe registered to Alibaba.com, they no longer need spend extensive money to operate and meet with suppliers. This fee is also charged because Alibaba.com translates and lists their information. In summary, Jack Ma charges SMBs a higher price because companies like these require Alibaba.com. However, it is Alibaba.com that needs the foreign companies in order to work with SMBs that are move to do business internationally.

Stefan’s Diaries: Origins Chapter 29

When I next opened my eyes, I knew I was dead. But this devastation wasnt the death of my wickednessmares, with black nothingness in all almost. Instead, I could smell the faraway scent of a fire, tactile sensation rough earth beneath my body, could feel my hands resting by my sides. I didnt feel pain. I didnt feel anything. The blackness enveloped me in a way that was almost comforting. Was this what hell was? If so, it was nothing equivalent the horror and mayhem of last night. It was quiet, peaceful.I tentatively moved my arm, strike when my hand affected straw. I pushed myself up to a sitting position, surprise that I still had a body, surprised that nothing hurt. I looked around and realized that I wasnt suspended in nothingness. To my left were the rough-hewn slats of a surround of a dark shack. If I squinted, I could see sky betwixt the cracks. I was somewhere, besides where? My hand fluttered to my chest. I remembered the shot ringing out, the reasoned of my bod y thudding to the ground, the way I was prodded with boots and sticks. The way my heart had halt beating and there had been a cheer that rose up out front alwaysything was quiet. I was dead. So then Hello? I called hoarsely.Stefan, a womans character said. I mat up a hand behind my back. I realized I was wearing a simple, faded, blue cotton dress and burning linen pants, clothes I didnt recognize as my own. And though they were old, they were clean. I struggled to stand, nevertheless the small, yet surprisingly strong, hand held me down by my shoulder. Y ouve had a long night.I blinked, and as my eyes ad excepted to the light, I realized that the voice belonged to Emily.Y oure alive, I said in wonderment.She laughed, a low, lazy chuckle. I should be saying that to you. How are you feeling? she asked, transport a tin cup of water system supply to my lips.I drank, allowing the cool fluid to trickle down my throat. Id never tasted anything so pure, so good. I touched my neck w here Katherine had bit me. It entangle clean and smooth. I hastily yanked the shirt open, popping several buttons in the process. My chest was smooth, no hint of a bullet wound.Keep drinking, Emily clucked in a way a convey might do to her child.Damon? I asked roughly.Hes out there. Emily pointed her chin to the door. I followed her watch outside, where I saw a shadowy figure sitting by the waters edge. Hes rec everywhereing, just as you are.But how Notice your ring. Emily tapped my hand. On my ring fingerbreadth was a gleaming lapis-lazuli s tone, inset in silver. Its a remedy and a protection. inset in silver. Its a remedy and a protection. Katherine had me make it for you the night she marked you.Marked me, I repeated dumbly, once again base my neck, then allowing my fingers to drop to the smooth stone of the ring.Marked you to be the deal her. Y oure almost a vampire, Stefan. Y oure well into the transformation, Emily said, as if she were a doctor diagnosing a patient wit h a terminal illness.I nodded as if I on a lower floorstood what Emily was saying, even though it might as well have been a completely different language. Transformation?Who make me? I asked, starting with the question I cared least about.I did. after(prenominal) the shots were fired on you and your brother, everyone ran. The house burned down. People died. Not just vampires. Emily shook her head, her face deeply troubled. They brought all the vampires to the church and burned them there. Including her, Emily said, her tone impossible to comprehend.Did she make me a vampire, then? I asked, touching my neck.Y But in order to complete the transition,es. you must feed. Its a natural selection you have to make. Katherine had the power of destruction and death, but even she had to allow her victims that choice.She killed Rosalyn. I knew it in the same way Id known Damon loved Katherine. It was as if a cloud had lifted, only to reveal more blackness.She did, Emily said, her face inscr utable. But that has nothing to do with what happens. If you choose, you can feed and complete the transition, or let yourself overtake?Emily nodded.I didnt destiny to feed. I didnt want Katherines blood inside me. each I wanted was to go back several months, before Id ever heard the name Katherine Pierce. My heart twisted in agony for all Id lost. But there was someone whod lost more.As if shed read my mind, Emily helped me to my feet. She was tiny, but strong. I stood up and shakily walked outside.Brother I called. Damon turned, his eyes shining. The water reflected the rising sun, and smoke billowed through the trees in the distance. But the clearing was eerily quiet and peaceful, harkening back to an earlier, simpler snip.Damon didnt answer. And before I even realized what I was doing, I walked to the edge of the water. Without bothering to take off my clothes, I dove in. I came up for air and breathed out, but my mind still felt dark and dirty.Damon stared down at me from the waters edge. The church burned. Katherine was inside, he said tonelessly.Y I didnt feel satisfaction or sadness. I justes. felt deep, deep sorrow. For myself, for Damon, for felt deep, deep sorrow. For myself, for Damon, for Rosalyn, for everyone whod gotten caught in this web of destruction. cause had been right. in that respect were demons who walked the earth, and if you didnt fight them, then you became one.Do you know what we are? Damon asked bitterly.We locked eyes, and instantly I realized that I didnt want to live wish well Katherine. I didnt want to see the sunlight only with the aid of the ring on my finger. I didnt want to always gaze at a humans neck as if contemplating my next feeding. I didnt want to live forever.I ducked down under the surface of the water and opened my eyes. The pond was dark and cool, just like the shack. If this was what death was, it wasnt bad. It was peaceful. Quiet. There was no passion, but also no danger.I surfaced and pushed my hair of f my face, my borrowed clothes hanging off my soaked limbs. change surface though I knew what my fate was, I felt remarkably alive. indeed Ill die.Damon nodded, his eyes dull and listless. Theres no life without Katherine.I climbed out of the water and hugged my brother. His body felt warm, real. Damon briefly returned my embrace, then hugged his knees again, his gaze fixed on a spot far away from the waters edge.I want it done, Damon said, stand up and walking farther away toward the quarry. I watched his retreating back, remembering the time when I was eight or nine that my father and I had bygone buck hunting. It was right after my mother had died, and while Damon had immersed himself in schoolboy antics like gambling and riding horses, Id clung to my father. One day, to cheer me up, Father took me to the woods with our rifles.Wed fagged over an hour tracking a buck. Father and I headed deeper and deeper into the forest, ceremonial the animals every move. Finally, we were i n a spot where we saw the buck bow down down, eating from a berry bush.Shoot, Father murmured, guiding my rifle over my shoulder. I trembled as I kept my eye on the deer and reached for the trigger. But at the moment I released the trigger, a baby deer scampered into the field. The buck sprinted away, and the bullet hit the fawn in the belly. Its wobbly legs bent beneath it, and it fell to the ground.Id run to try to help it, but Father had stopped me, holding on to my shoulder.Animals know when its time to die. Lets at least allow it the peace to do it alone, Father said, forcibly marching me away. Id wailed, but he was relentless. Now, watching Damon, I understood. Damon was the same way.Good-bye, brother, I whispered.

Validity and Reliability of the Job Content Questionnaire

52 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 Validity and reliability of the phone line confine doubtfulnessnaire in form- securelyly(prenominal) and in glob billets in brazil by Tania mare de Araujo, PhD,1 Robert Karasek, PhD 2 de Araujo TM, Karasek R. Validity and reliability of the line circumscribe hesitationnaire in full-dress and light line of businesss in Brazil. SJWEH Suppl. 2008(6)5259. Objectives This say pronounced the parentage matter questionnaire (JCQ) in measuring reach psychology aspects with respect to positive and sexual cables in Brazilian occupational groups.Methods A cross-section(a) discover was carried out in a random sample of 1311 ? 15-year-old residents in the urban area of the urban center of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. The Lusitanian JCQ definement include the recommended 49-item of the original fluctuation. The JCQ movement evaluation included descriptive abridgment, discriminant compendium, indwelling dead trunk, and construct dari ng. Results Aver durations of the JCQ outgos were exchangeable for the positive and sluttish spielers, draw for finding authority ( white-tie trading c=31. escaped jokes c=34. 5). The averages of the Portuguese JCQ weighing machines did not differ substantially from those obtained in separate European, North American, and Nipp starse studies, albeit they were slightly imprinter in the Brazilian case. In prevalent, Cronbachs of import coefficients revealed performance similar to other(a) large-sample studies, showing acceptable inbred congruity. The coefficients were relatively similar for form-only(prenominal) and folksy antics. Factor summary revealed high consistence with the theoretical pretending.Conclusions This is the first area to evaluate JCQ performance comparing established and cosy occupations in a exploitation country. The chore amiable ability questionnaire presented a nice global performance, and it did not differ substantially from those sight in other studies. These findings suggest that the caper content questionnaire can be subprogram in studies carried out in evolution countries and in situations in which inborn jobs are common. Key terms purpose parallel of parallel of parallel contend take model occupational stress mental petition mental wo. health Department, State University of Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. 2 Department of utilisation Environment, University of Massachusetts at Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, unite States. Reprint requests to Dr TM de Araujo, KM 03, BR 116 Campus Universitario, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil, 40110 180. E-mail araujo. email&160protected br on that point is a substantial amount of scientific literature on the psycho societal aspects of utilization in create countries. However, research addressing the pacement of these aspects in exploitation countries is fresh and scarce.In developing countries, feed organization aspects are usually considered t o be a less relevant problem than other crucial problems, such as unemployment, accidents, and other occupational hazards that threaten life and put acetifyers material health at risk. Moreover, there is an assumption that instruments used to footmark psychosocial aspects in genuine countries are not applicable in developing countries because of divers(prenominal) cultural contexts. However, these arguments energise been criticized because f, at least(prenominal), the following three brokers (i) the globalization processm all multi study companies have been operating in developing countries under job measurings and technologies that are similar to those used in veritable countries (1), (ii) social and economic structural heterogeneity in developing societieswhich include, in the same region, areas with a high level of festering (industrialized areas) and truly wretched areas, and (iii) the increasing rates of occupational diseases and disabilities associate to work or ganization conditions sh proclaim by some developing countries.These three processes, acting together, reveal that psychosocial aspects at work are a relevant problem in diverse social and economic contexts. The impacts on psychogenic and physical health are already visible in developing contexts (2, 3), and they indicate the importance of investigating work psychology aspects in twain developed and developing countries. Some models have aimed at evaluating psychosocial characteristics at work and their effects on worker health.The demandcontrol model has worldwide use and is a strong order on this research field (4, 5). It focuses on 2 crucial work belongingss, conclusion latitude and mental demands. Decision latitude SJWEH Suppl 2008(6)5259 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 53 de Araujo &038 Karasek refers to the ability to scram closes about ones work and the possibility of being creative and using or developing new readinesss. It includes two dimensions, attainment daintiness (opportunity to use attainments) and finis authority (opportunity to make ratiocinations).Psychological demand refers to workload, mental requirements, organizational constraints put on the worker, and at odds(p) demands. The job content questionnaire (JCQ) is a standardized instrument proposed to measure the dimensions of the demandcontrol model (6). In the last two decades, the job content questionnaire has been intensively used in developed countries, and its performance has been time-tested in commonwealths from these countries (715). However, performance on the job content questionnaire in developing countries remains a less studied issue.In our literature review we set only three studies conducted in developing countries to evaluate performance on the job content questionnaire, carried out in Mexico (16), Taiwan (17) and China (18). specialized occupational groups were studied in Taiwan, workers from four companies, including men and women in Mexico only women from tw o maquiladora microelectronic plants in China, male and female health occupy workers. In Brazil, the Swedish version of the job content questionnaire (17 questions) was tested in a sample of the technical and administrative staff of a Brazilian university.The global performance of the surmounts for decision latitude, mental demand, and social endorse was good (3). The main objective of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the job content questionnaire in measuring work psychosocial characteristics for workers in formal and liberal jobs in Brazil. Study population and methods Study design A cross-sectional study was carried out in a random sample of workers 15 long time or older from the metropolis of Feira de Santana in 2002.It is the second largest city in the State of Bahia, in the northeast region of Brazil, with around half(a) a million inhabitants. Definition of formal and unceremonial jobs In Brazil, the comprehend Ministry has adopted an instrument to define formal and unceremonious jobs the communication channel tease (Carteira de Trabalho). This card establishes the job contract amidst employees and employers. It is adjust by national laws and provides all kinds of benefits, including placing the worker in a social security system. The job card establishes a formal job for the worker.Informal jobs are not regulated by law there is no social security system, nor any other kind of social or economic rights. Among different kinds of cozy jobs, selling products in the pass is the most common subject. Another type that has increased, as a outlet of the unemployment situation, is the family store (stores that are constructed in the musical accompaniment room of a persons own home). Study population The study areas were selected using random procedures, based on population data from the national census.The sampling procedures were conducted using the following steps (i) selection of the domains inwardly each subdistric t, by a random procedure, (ii) random selection of streets at heart each selected field, (iii) visitation of all houses on the selected streets, and (iv) wonder of all pot 15 years or older by well-trained interviewers using standard procedures. The use of a field manual helped to standardize procedures in the interview and avoid biases in the data collection. Up to three visits were made to a persons residence, in an effort to perform an interview.We visited 1479 residences and interviewed 3190 people. To evaluate JCQ performance, we canvass information only from people who were working at the time of the interview. all told 1311 workers were included in this study. Sixty-six percent of the target population worked in an sexual job. The percentage of formal and informal jobs was similar fit in to gender (49. 1% for the women and 50. 4% for the men). No relevant departures were base across the age groups in the informal jobs.However, in the formal jobs, the proportion of workers increased from the origination of worklife to the middle of it, unless it decreased sharply after 40 years of age (from 46. 7% among the workers 2634 years of age to 25. 5% among the workers ? 41 years of age). The workers in formal jobs had a high facts of life than those in informal jobs. dressers at the graduate level were 3. 1 measure to a greater extent managely to be in formal jobs than in informal jobs. Commercial activity (retail sales) employed the highest number of workers (38. 8%), followed by service in general (27. %), private household services (11. 2%), training (6. 9%), manufacturing (6. 6%), transportation (4. 3%), and complex body part (4. 1%). The idea according to formal and informal jobs showed clear job risk in some specific sectors. Among the workers employed in the construction sector, 87. 0% had an informal job for private household services the proportion was 86. 5% and it was 70% for commercial activity, 64. 2% for transportation workers , and 62% for the workers in general services. On the other hand, 67. % of the people working in education and 57. 1% of those in manufacturing had formal jobs. 54 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 furrow content questionnaire in jobs in Brazil Considering the place where people worked, we discover more salmagundi for informal jobs. The highest proportion of informal workers was found for working on the street (23. 6%), followed by company (22. 8%), other persons home (20. 8%), and in their own house (18. 3%). Among the formal workers, 66. 8% worked in companies (private enterprise), and 21. 9% were employed in public buildings.Portuguese deracination process for the job content questionnaire The translation process took into account aspects like conceptual equality, item equivalence, semantic equivalence, operational equivalence, measurement equivalence, and functional equivalence (19) . The recommended procedures to build a cross-cultural translation of the job content questionnaire were followed. First, the questionnaire was translated respectively into Portuguese by two Brazilian translators. Specific instructions were minute to claim the translation process.According to these instructions, the emphasis in the translation was given to the signification of the terms rather than to literal translation, reinforcing the item convey in the Brazilian occupational context. The translation, produced in this first step, was discussed in meetings with the research team and translators until a consensual version was drawn up. This consensual Portuguese version was translated mainstay into English ( corroborate translation) by two other translators, who were native English speakers and excessively fluent in Portuguese. The Portuguese version of the job content questionnaire and the back translation ere sent to the JCQ union to be evaluated by the Center researchers. after(prenominal) this evaluation, some modifications were suggested for the first translation, and t hey were promptly accounted for. A pretest was conducted to test the clarity of question formulation, problems found in answering specific questions, and conceptual equivalence amongst some(prenominal) languages (English and Portuguese). Based on the pretest results, a new version was slight (including a new back translation). The JCQ Center approved the final version in December 2001. Scales and subscales of the job content questionnaireThe Portuguese version of the job content questionnaire included the following recommended format (6) 49 questions (scales of decision latitudeskill discretion and decision authority, mental demand, physical demand, social nutritionsupervisor and coworker support, and job peril). In order to build indicators, for each scale of the questionnaire, a sum of the weighted item score was careful according to the users guide of the job content questionnaire (6). Statistical epitome All of the analyses were conducted separately for the formal and in formal workers.Mean set and standard deviations were calculated for each scale and subscale. The performance analysis included a discriminant analysis, internal consistency (reliability indicators), and construct validity (factor analysis). Discriminant analysis. This study included workers from different job sectors. Discriminant validity was analyzed by comparing the office of the scales and subscales of the job content questionnaires gathered from workers in each sector. An analysis of division (ANOVA) was performed to compare the observed differences. Internal consistency.Cronbachs alpha coefficient was calculated to assess the internal consistency or homogeneity of the questions aimed at measuring the same construct. Alpha values above 0. 65 were considered acceptable (12, 14). Construct validity (factor analysis). The analysis was developed in three steps. First, an exploratory analysis using a coefficient of correlation matrix for all of the variables was computed. In the second step, a principal parcel method was used to extract the factors (eigenvalues ? 1 criterion). A rotation varimax (orthogonal) was conducted to make the factors more interpretable (20).Factors loading values of >40 were considered indicators of significant factorial contri furtherion (10). Measurement of mental health outcome. To evaluate performance on the job content questionnaire in identifying work conditions involving a risk to mental health, we evaluated the preponderance of psychological distress according to the demandcontrol model. The self- informing questionnaire (SRQ-20), a organized instrument designed by the World Health disposal to measure psychological distress in developing countries, was used. The scales for decision latitude and psychological demand were dichotomized.The mean values were used to dichotomize both scales. Based on the combination between the levels of demand and control, four categories were realised for the demandcontrol model. A multip le logistical regression was performed to adjust for potential confounders. Results The means and standard deviations of the scales of the job content questionnaire were similar for the formal and SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 55 de Araujo &038 Karasek informal jobs (table 1). The most important difference was observed for decision authority in that there was a higher mean for informal jobs (34. 6) than for formal jobs (31. 99). The Cronbachs alpha coefficients were relatively similar for the formal and informal jobs, even though the coefficients were higher for the formal jobsthe coefficients ranged from 0. 65 to 0. 79. The internal consistency for psychological demand was low for the informal jobs (0. 55). The subscale strange demands presented short(p) consistency with the other subscales its correlation coefficient was lower than 0. 10. For skill discretion, the internal consistency was overly relatively low for informal jobs (0. 6029).The subscale alteration showed low consisten cy with the other subscales, the correlation coefficient with the other items being 0. 19. For the job insecurity scale, the performance was poor for both types of jobs ( but better for informal jobs). The analysis of the means of the scales of the job content questionnaire according to sector of activity showed some significant differences. Table 2 shows the subscale means of the questionnaire according to sectors. The mean for skill discretion was lower for private household services (formal jobs c=29. 18 informal jobs c=32. 12) than for education (formal jobs c=35. 3 informal jobs c=34. 08). uniform differences were observed for decision authority ( melodic line the high means for education for both formal and informal jobs). Psychological demand revealed a similar strain across all of the sectors. The means for physical demand were higher for construction (formal jobs c=12. 50 informal jobs c=14. 30) and manufacturing (formal jobs c=13. 45 informal jobs c=12. 66) and lower for education (formal jobs c=11. 84 informal jobs c=11. 71), as expected. The highest job insecurity means were observed for the construction sector (formal jobs c=7. 0 informal jobs c=9. 78). Correlation coefficient by sector No correlation was found between decision latitude and psychological demand (formal workers 0. 057 informal workers 0. 010). This finding supports the hypothesis of relative independence between these two factors, as theoretically postulated. For almost all of the scales of the job content questionnaire, the correlation coefficients showed a similar pattern for the sectors. The pattern was similar by sector with respect to the formal and informal jobs, following the predicted direction, as proposed by Karaseks demandcontrol model.Some small differences were observed in the coefficient magnitude, but not in the direction of the coefficients. However, a substantial difference was observed between the two dimensions of decision latitude. In the sectors of education, manufacturing, private household services, construction, and general services, a positive correlation between skill discretion (SD) and decision authority (DA) was observedas expected. For the sectors of commercial activity and transportation, we observed no correlation between skill discretion and decision authority, 0. 068 and 0. 077, respectively.Construct validity The factor analysis prankish eight factors for formal and informal jobs (tables 3 and 4). alike patterns were observed for both types of jobs. There was high Table 1. Means, standard deviations (SD), and Cronbachs alpha reliability coefficients for the scales and subscales of the job content questionnaire according to formal and informal jobs. Scales Range clump jobs Informal jobs Mean SD a Mean SD a Decision latitude 2496 64. 76 8. 44 0. 6576 65. 91 7. 84 0. 6211 achievement discretion 1248 32. 76 4. 25 0. 6500 31. 39 4. 06 0. 6029 Decision authority 1248 31. 9 6. 20 0. 6869 34. 46 6. 01 0. 7194 Psychological dem and 1248 30. 07 3. 63 0. 6627 29. 89 3. 29 0. 5588 Social support 832 23. 07 2. 09 0. 7103 23. 20 2. 01 0. 6588 Coworker support 416 11. 75 1. 16 0. 6901 11. 97 1. 25 0. 7009 supervisory support 416 11. 28 1. 47 0. 7900 11. 38 1. 30 0. 6515 Physical demand 520 12. 30 2. 14 0. 7584 12. 53 2. 25 0. 7615 production line insecurity a 312 5. 25 1. 15 0. 3613 5. 90 1. 83 0. 5540 Age 1582 33. 93 11. 59 34. 94 13. 93 a Means for job insecurity (4 items) formal jobs 6. 47 (SD 1. 44) informal jobs 7. 44 (SD 2. 47). Table 2.Means of the subscales of the job content questionnaire according to sector of activity for the formal and informal jobs. (SD = skill discretion, DA = decision authority, DL = decision latitude, PD = psychological demand, PhyD = physical demand, JI = job insecurity) Sector SD DA DL PD PhyD JI Formal jobs Construction 31. 67 33. 84 65. 71 28. 67 12. 50 7. 00 Manufacturing 33. 09 31. 91 65. 07 31. 45 13. 45 6. 32 Commerce (retail activity) 32. 80 31. 54 64. 28 30. 47 12. 4 5 6. 23 Transportation 31. 78 29. 68 61. 33 29. 28 12. 74 6. 20 Education 35. 06 35. 33 70. 56 30. 02 11. 4 4. 87 cosmopolitan services 32. 13 32. 44 64. 79 30. 11 12. 29 5. 44 head-to-head household services 30. 47 29. 18 59. 65 29. 50 12. 13 5. 50 Informal jobs Construction 31. 40 32. 41 63. 95 30. 78 14. 30 9. 78 Manufacturing 33. 10 33. 25 66. 26 31. 03 12. 66 7. 61 Commerce (retail activity) 31. 40 35. 66 67. 13 30. 01 12. 36 7. 00 Transportation 30. 94 36. 25 67. 25 31. 03 13. 35 6. 38 Education 35. 28 34. 08 69. 36 29. 44 11. 71 6. 30 General Services 31. 94 34. 60 66. 64 29. 66 12. 50 7. 07 Private household services 29. 12 32. 12 61. 34 28. 98 12. 07 6. 58 56 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 stage business content questionnaire in jobs in Brazil consistency with the theoretical model for the scales for supervisory support, coworker support, skill discretion, decision authority, and physical demand. The subscales cogitate to to psychological demand loaded on different factors. The subscale conflicting demands did not load on the psychological demand scale, as expected. For both the formal and informal jobs, it loaded on one separate factor (factor 8). For the skill discretion scale, the subscale variety loaded on the factor related to the psychological demand Table 4.Factor (F) analysis using the principal component ancestry method and varimax rotation with the informal jobs. Scale Informal job (N=780) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Skill discretion Learn new things 0. 661 Repetitive work a 0. 480 Requires creativity 0. 587 lavishly skill level 0. 644 form b 0. 502 Develop own abilities 0. 724 Decision authority Allows own decisions 0. 809 bittie decision exemption a 0. 822 Opinions influential 0. 690 Psychological demand work out fast 0. 430 Work hard 0. 479 Excessive work a 0. 686 scant(predicate) time a 0. 599 conflicting demands a 0. 774 Social support supervisory program is concerned 0. 760 supervisory program pays attention 0. 718 Helpful supervisor 0. 417 Supervisor good organizer 0. 774 Coworker support Coworkers adapted 0. 722 Coworker interest in me 0. 710 chummy coworkers 0. 652 Coworkers helpful 0. 714 Physical demand such(prenominal) physical effort 0. 706 wreathe heavy loads 0. 59 quick physical activity 0. 756 mortifying body bit b 0. 874 Awkward armhead position b 0. 855 Variance explained (after rotation) (%) 12. 3 10. 3 7. 39 7. 06 6. 17 4. 90 4. 23 3. 89 Total variance explained (%) 56. 3 a spot formulated in a veto direction the score was reversed before the factor analysis. b item loaded on a different factor. Table 3. Factor (F) analysis using the principal component extraction method and varimax rotation with the formal jobs. Scale Formal job (N=403) F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 Skill discretionLearn new things 0. 639 Repetitive work a b 0. 481 Requires creativity 0. 687 High skill level 0. 650 Variety 0. 577 b Develop own abilities 0. 653 Decision authority Allows own decisions 0. 780 Little decision apologisedom a 0. 674 Opinions influential 0. 737 Psychological demand Work fast 0. 477 Work hard 0. 687 Excessive work a 0. 614 Insufficient time a 0. 673 Conflicting demands a 0. 802 Social support Supervisor is concerned 0. 16 Supervisor pays attention 0. 674 Helpful supervisor 0. 744 Supervisor good organizer 0. 717 Coworker support Coworkers competent 0. 432 Coworker interest in me 0. 757 Friendly coworkers 0. 746 Coworkers helpful 0. 730 Physical demand Much physical effort 0. 747 Lift heavy loads 0. 482 Rapid physical activity 0. 837 Awkward body position b 0. 891 Awkward armhead position b 0. 881 Variance explained (after rotation)(%) 8. 43 8. 19 7. 1 7. 79 7. 54 6. 96 6. 37 4. 48 Total variance explained (%) 62. 4 a Item formulated in a disallow direction the score was reversed before the factor analysis. b Item loaded on a different factor. SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 57 de Araujo &038 Karasek scale, and it was not related to the scale for skill discretion, as expected. Physical demand loaded on two different factors, revealing two different types of physical workloads, type 1 including much physical effort, lift heavy loads, and rapid physical activity and type 2 including awkward body position and awkward arm and head positions.Capability of the job content questionnaire to identify different work situations as risks to mental health Relevant differences in the prevalence of psychological distress were observed according to the job strain quadrants. The high-strain quadrant had the highest psychological distress prevalence (table 5). Similar results were found for the formal and informal jo bs. The low-strain situation had the lowest psychological distress prevalence. A difference was found in the quadrants of diagonal B (passive and active). In formal jobs, the prevalence of psychological distress was higher for the active job quadrant.For the informal jobs, the prevalence of psychological distress was higher in the passive job quadrant (1. 4 higher than in the low-strain situation). Discussion This is the first study to evaluate performance of the job content questionnaire by comparing formal and informal jobs in a developing country. Performance of the questionnaire was tested in a poor region of northeast Brazil, where general living conditions are precarious and the educational level is low the workers qualification levels were, in general, very low. Despite the cultural nd economic differences from developed country contexts, the job content questionnaire has good global performance. Our means and standard deviations were similar to results from the job stress ab senteeism and coronary heart disease European cooperative study (the JACE study) (9), including eight samples from five European countries. Some differences occurred as expected, such as higher means for physical demand and job insecurity in our study (formal and informal jobs) and higher decision latitude for the JACE study. It is notable that, for decision authority, the means for the informal jobs and the JACE study were similar.This similarity indicates a significant freedom for the workers to decide how to do their own work in informal jobs but also pointed out that, among these workers, the possibility to make decisions was not combined with the use or development of skills. For example, in the sectors of commercial activity and transportation, the workers seemed to be free to decide how to do their work, but the same did not apply to the development of new skills and abilities. The means for decision authority were higher than the means for skill discretion in these sectors. Within these sectors, the proportion of people working on the streets was high, a fact that could partially explain this result In general, the Cronbachs alpha coefficients revealed a performance similar to that found with other large-sample studies, conducted in developed countries, even though they were slightly lower in our study. The estimated coefficients indicated acceptable levels of internal consistency for almost all of the scales of the job content questionnaire. The psychological demand scale, with five questions, showed poor internal consistency.The reliability was acceptable for the formal jobs but low for the informal jobs. This finding has been observed also in other studies. For example, in the JACE study, the Cronbachs alpha coefficient was relatively low for the men (Netherlands 0. 57, CanadaQuebec 0. 59, japan 0. 61) and for the women (Netherlands 0. 51 and USQES 0. 62). These results revealed a general imprecision of the job content questionnaire in measuring psy chological demand. Karasek et al (9) have argued that different meanings of psychological demand by population groups could explain part of these results.These differences in meaning are related to the actual stage of area development. Until now, there has been no agreement about the exact meaning of psychological Table 5. prevalence rates for psychological distressthe prevalence ratio (PR) and the respective authority intervals (95% CI) according to the job strain model for formal and informal jobs adjusted for age, educational level, gender, social support, time in this position (results from the multiple logistic regression analysis). Job strain model a Prevalence PR b 95% CI (%) Formal jobs Low strain ( decision latitude v psychological demand) 11. 5 Passive job (v decision latitude v psychological demand) 15. 5 1. 35 0. 642. 84 Active job ( decision latitude psychological demand) 23. 8 2. 07 1. 054. 08 High strain ( decision latitude psychological demand) 26. 7 2. 32 1. 1 84. 56 Informal jobs Low strain ( decision latitude v psychological demand) 20. 0 Passive job (v decision latitude v psychological demand) 24. 5 1. 23 0. 911. 66 Active job ( decision latitude psychological demand) 24. 1 1. 20 0. 901. 61 High strain (v decision latitude psychological demand) 33. 1 1. 65 1. 262. 18 a Reference group decision latitude and psychological demand. The delta method was used to convert odds ratios to prevalence ratios. 58 SJWEH Suppl 2008, no 6 Job content questionnaire in jobs in Brazil demand in our social and cultural contexts. It remains an important question for future studies. In addition, to make this concept and correspondent scale more reliable, a clear distinction between qualitative and quantitative psychological demands has been proposed. Suggestions to include emotional demand as a job dimension has also been noted in the literature (21). High internal consistency was observed for decision authority among the formal and informal workers.The items used to evaluate the measure of worker opportunity to make decisions in both passing structured and unstructured settings performed well, as indicated by Cronbachs alpha. It is important to note that, when these two job-control subscales are taken as a single scaledecision latitudethe reliability is acceptable for both formal and informal jobs. The subscales for coworker support and supervisory support showed the highest consistency with the demandcontrol model theory. The high consistency of these scales had been observed earlier in other studies of the validity and reliability of the job content questionnaire (14, 17) .The physical demand scale also showed good reliability for groups in formal and informal jobs. This scale has also been observed to perform well in other studies (9, 12). The factor analysis showed a structure that is consistent with the theoretical presumptions of the job strain model. Our study produced eight factors, almost all of them in an expected way. The scales for decision authority, supervisory support, coworker support, physical demand, and skill discretion were consistent with the proposed scales of the job content questionnaire, as observed in other studies (22).However, some findings of our study need to be more carefully analyzed. For example, aspects related to the physical demand scale loaded on two types of factors, showing that the job content questionnaire measured two different physical workloads. Although the questionnaire establishes only a scale for physical demand, Karasek &038 Theorell (23) fancied that two specific types of physical demand were involved in job tasks (physical exertion and physical isometric load). In fact, it is acceptable that the questionnaire includes at least two different kinds of physical demands, as observed in our study.Indeed, this result reinforces the ability of the questionnaire to measure and identify specific characteristics of the work environment. With this perspective, future improvements in the questionnaire should consider the evaluation of these two dimensions separately, instead of only one, as soon suggested. One item of the skill discretion scale was also critical. The subscale variety (I get to do a variety of different things in my job), in both the formal and informal groups, was more related to psychological demand aspects than to the skill discretion scale, as expected.The data suggested that doing different things was not related to job enrichment in the studied population in Brazil. In fact, it represents an increase in workload. Moreover, translation difficulties could be considered a potential explanation for these specific results (cultural differences). One item related to psychological demand, conflicting demands, loaded on a separate factor for both the formal and informal jobs. It revealed a low correlation of this subscale with other subscales related to psychological demand, which duplicated rather precisely a problem found in stu dies in other countries (8, 9, 12) for this question.Our results also showed relevant problems with this subscale, reinforcing the hypothesis that changes in this item structure are needed to improve the performance of the psychological demand measurement. For the formal jobs, the item repetitive work did not load on the skill discretion factor, as expected. Similar results were found in studies in other countries (7, 12, 24, 25). The low consistency of this item with the skill discretion subscale could be related to a nonnormal distribution of this aspect. Usually, repetitive work is much more shop for the lowest skill (9) . The Portuguese version of the job content questionnaire howed a high capability to identify risk to mental health. As predicted by the controldemand model, work with high strain consistently has the highest negative effect on mental health for both formal and informal jobs, albeit more strongly for formal jobs. It supports an association between psychological distress and job strain, as pointed out in other studies on mental health (25). In conclusion, the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the job content questionnaire is good, and it is performed similarly among workers with formal or informal jobs in Brazil. future day research should address a detailed evaluation f the decision-latitude dimensions in informal jobs, especially in relation to skill discretion, which performed regularly among informal workers and in new investigations of psychological demand indicators and their performance. Gender differences form another important aspect to be explored in future studies. 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